Facility safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Facility safety - Essay Example A visit to the field to assess the safety concerns of the university’s soccer field, various issues were realized. On the positive side, the field lacked pot holes, limiting any possible dangers they present. Secondly, sprinklers used to sprinkle the glass were completely sealed making the field safe for use. Next, every person is limited from using the field unless with authorization a safety measure that is essential in ensuring that the safety condition of the field remains intact (Azusa Pacific, 2015). Goalposts lack sharp corners as well as unsafe rusting indicating the quality of safety of using the goal posts while they equally remain well fastened into the ground. Horseplay limitation around the goal posts also serve in ensuring that the goals remain safe together with removal of nets after games serving as an extra safety measure. On the negative side, there is one significant issue that presents safety concerns in the form of availability of foreign objects in form of grass and papers was evident making the field unsafe for soccer. Safety soccer fields remain a necessity for the game of football (Oklahoma. Dept. of Labor, 2011). Soccer management teams and institutions need to ensure that effective measures are applied to ensure safety of players and that of the spectators. In respect to Cougar soccer field, there is need to ensure that once the grass is cut, the particles are fully removed. Consequently, papers mostly blown by the wind into the field should be removed before soccer games. Shannon,  J.  B. (2012). Sports injuries sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of common sports-related injuries in children and adults ... etc. Detroit, MI:

Systems Theory and Human Relations Essay Example for Free

Systems Theory and Human Relations Essay Systems theory within organisations states that businesses retrieve inputs from the external environment, transform these inputs from processes and procedures and then out put them back into the environment. Below is a diagram to illustrate this with examples of each. The inputs generally come from other organistaions outputs, and the outputs of organisations tend to become inputs for other organisations. Within the organisation as a system, each of the different transformation activities may themselves may be looked at as individual sub-systems with their own inputs-transformations-outputs. They may also be looked at to interact with different sub-systems. The 5 main sub-systems are as follows: †¢Task – goals and objectives of the company †¢Technology – the tools and knowledge in which are used to carry out tasks †¢People – attitudes, skills, needs etc Structure – both formal and informal, flow of authority, grapevine etc †¢Management – co-ordination of the other 4 sub-systems and interactions with outside world Human relations approach pays greater attention to the social factors at work and the behaviour of employees. Employees come to work for more than just monetary needs, they come to interact with each other also. Therefore employees need to be able to interact with each other and not be excluded, Hamiltons work plan enables this and also encourages this. One way by which Hamilton uses this approach is by humanising the workplace, recognising the importance of the informal structure and also giving concern for the manufacturing staff. Hamilton does many things to humanise the workplace, such as: †¢Regular walk abouts by directors †¢Quarterly updates/briefs †¢Nights of social events such as Christmas funded by the company †¢Attend certain MDW meetings †¢Works council to communicate to management about certain issues on shop floor †¢Birthdays always celebrated †¢Weddings and anniversarys celebrated †¢Shop sales Child care vouchers †¢Easter eggs provided by company These policies and procedures that are representative of the human relations approach, all help with the management of change within Hamilton. Below are some point and how they help with managing change: †¢Communication – By communicating with staff through quarterly briefs, team meetings and notice boards, all staff are aware of changes and why they are going to be made. †¢Multiskilling – By Hamilton training staff on at least 3 machines in the factory, this enables Hamilton help to manage production planning. It also helps make the employee feel needed by investing in them. †¢Production planning – Enables Hamilton to prduce there good more efficiently and to help cut down on set-up times and change over’s. †¢Works Council – Helps staff to communicate any issues with changes that are being made before they are being introdced. This then means they can rectify these issues which the staff have. †¢Social Events – Help keep staff morale high and help build relationships and work teams within the business. As I looked at one of the subsystems of management and how it relates to the external environment and how it manages changes in the environment, I realised Hamilton is effected a lot by external factors such as: †¢Social attitudes †¢Government policies – taxes †¢Trade unions †¢Customers †¢Other organisations †¢International relations †¢Economic climate – exchange rates †¢Suppliers †¢Technoligical innovations – dulux paint pod †¢Providers of finance One of the biggest external factors is the economic climate, the exchange rate with China is very poor at the minute. As you can see from the graph above Hamilton has seen a major drop in the exchange rate within the last 12 months. This therefore creates high production costs within the company, to try and reduce the impact the management has undertaken numerous actions such as: †¢Improve communications with suppliers †¢Improve technology internally and externally †¢New suppliers †¢Longer term agreements †¢Reduced spending †¢Production planning †¢Aggressive with suppliers †¢Re-structured sales force

Application of the marketing mix

Application of the marketing mix INTRODUCTION The marketing mix is among the most widely accepted marketing concepts in the world of business (McCarthy 1960; Bartels 1983; Shapiro 1985). However, over the years the marketing mix has come under intense scrutiny from both academics of the marketing discipline and practitioners alike. This feeling was captured by Constantinides when he stated: Few topics of the commercial theory have so intensively inspired as well as divided the marketing academia as the 4Ps Marketing Mix framework (Constantinides, 2006: p.407) This essay aims to critically assess the relevance of the marketing mix for the current marketing approaches. To accomplish this, an overview of the marketing mix is given. This is followed by an exploration of some of the contemporary approaches to marketing which will lead to a consideration of the arguments in support of the marketing mix and the criticisms against it. Finally, in the light of the arguments and criticisms the relevance of the marketing mix for contemporary approaches to marketing will be appraised. OVERVIEW OF THE MARKETING MIX The marketing mix can be defined as the controllable and tactical marketing tools that the firm combines to achieve the desired response in its target market. It comprises all the measures the firm can employ to stimulate the demand for its goods and/or services (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). The ultimate goal of any firm is to create a product or service that will be perceived as unique in the eyes of prospective consumers so that they will prefer it to other competing brands. In creating this unique selling proposition (USP), the marketers can blend four basic ingredients in a number of different ways to obtain different results. These four ingredients are usually referred to as the 4Ps and comprise- product, price, place (distribution) and promotion (Baker, 2007). Costantinides (2006) and Gronroos (1994) trace the origin of the marketing mix to the 1960s when Neil Borden identified twelve controllable marketing components that would yield profit if properly managed. Borden considered the marketing mix to be a concise, realistic and vivid expression of the admixture of the marketing ingredients, techniques and processes chosen by a marketing manager to create a marketing plan (Banting and Ross, 1973; Waterschoot and Van den Bulte, 1992). It was later reduced to four factors by Jerome McCarthy (McCarthy, 1964 cited in Constantinides, 2006) and this simplified version became the most widely accepted definition of the marketing mix (Judd, 2002). The 4Ps marketing mix commanded utmost respect in the minds of both marketing scholars and practitioners for decades that in the words of Gronroos (1994) and Kent (1986) it was considered heresy to challenge its position as the basic foundation of all marketing thinking. This belief strongly reinforces the dominance of the marketing mix during this period and suggests that there was a need for a theory that could be applied for the solution of most marketing management issues. According to Harker and Egan (2006) certain economic conditions contributed to the perceived superiority of the marketing mix paradigm. Harker and Egan (2006) opine that a key feature of the United States domestic market after the Second World War was homogeneity of products which resulted in increased demand for standardised consumer products and the rise of the USA as the dominant marketing culture. The demand, notwithstanding, there was need to ensure that consumption matched output (Packard, 1957 cited in Harker and Egan, 2006). Thus, a formal and reliable marketing approach was required to provide this fit (OMalley and Patterson, 1998). The popularity and dominance of the marketing mix paradigm was further enhanced by its simplicity and ease of communication (Waterschoot and Van den Bulte 1992; Constantinides, 2006; Harker and Egan, 2006). From the above submission, it can be argued that the marketing mix paradigm was borne out of necessity- a necessity for a simple, realistic and reliable framework that could be applied for the solution of general and specific marketing problems that arose in that era. Considering the under-developed marketing structure and knowledge gap that existed at that time, the formulation of the 4Ps marketing mix paradigm could not have come at a better time. Thus, it goes without saying that the relevance of its application to the transactional marketing approach- the primary approach to marketing in the 20th century-is indubitable. However, due to the shortcomings of the transactional approach to marketing, there was the need for a paradigm shift from a product-oriented approach to one that focused on the customer. Thus, the academia and marketing practitioners began to question the efficacy of the marketing mix framework as the answer to all marketing problems. The 4Ps were considered too narrow to adequately address the many aspects of marketing management and laid excessive emphasis on the product and processes with little or no thought for the customer. The increased sophistication of customers and the dynamic nature of the business environment meant that organisations had to adapt regularly to the changes that occur in the environment or risk losing market share with the consequence of possible liquidation. This situation led to the emergence of several modern marketing approaches that shifted attention from the product to the customer thereby ushering in the era of market orientation. Some of the contemporary approaches to marketing that emerged as a response to the continuous evolution of the business environment include Relationship marketing, Interaction marketing and Network marketing (Constantinides, 2006; Coviello et al, 1997; Gronroos, 1997). These modern approaches demanded a re-thinking of the marketing process in order to achieve effective and efficient implementation. Based on this need for a re-definition of the marketing process, it was inevitable that the marketing mix paradigm would come up for debate with regards to the relevance of its application to the aforementioned marketing approaches. Relationship marketing involves the development and maintenance of mutually satisfying exchange relations with customers and other parties at a profit, so that the objectives of all the parties are realised (Gronroos, 1994; Baker, 2007, Coviello et al, 1997). The implication of this viewpoint is that every organisation must cooperate with other parties within its business environment and beyond in order to achieve its ultimate aim. The 21st century market is replete with opportunities and challenges that were relatively unknown in the 20th century. To harness the opportunities and overcome the challenges effectively and efficiently entails building up a long-term relationship with the customers and all other stakeholders that directly or indirectly influence an organisations operations. This situation suggests that certain changes would have to occur in the organisations overall business processes, especially the marketing processes, to ensure a seamless implementation of relationshi p marketing. Gronroos (1994), Gummesson (1994, 1997) and Goldsmith (1999) argue that firms practising a transactional marketing approach stand to benefit most from a traditional marketing mix approach because of the absence of personal interactions with their customers and emphasis on mass markets. However, the marketing mix tends to be restrictive for a relation-oriented firm. The most significant customer interactions from a marketing success perspective are outside the scope of the marketing mix and marketing specialists. The customer decides whether to maintain business relations with a firm based on the effect of his/her contacts with the people, technology, and operations and other non-marketing functions. This position is supported by Ailawadi et al (2001) who doubt the impact of promotion and advertising as marketing tools for customer retention. This proposition suggests that the customers interactions with any firm transcends the marketing functions and includes all indirect transaction s with the non-marketing functions within the firm. Relationship marketing advocates the inclusion of all the functional units in any organisation towards creating value for the customer. The effective and efficient implementation of this customer-oriented approach requires that certain critical changes occur within the organisation. These requisite changes will cut across the whole organisation, but will focus more on the marketing functions because of the direct and frequent interactions with the customers. The change in the marketing functions will lead to a complete shift or modifications in the methods tools adopted by the organisation in creating value for the customer. This, invariably, would necessitate a review of the organisations marketing mix. Such reviews have surfaced in Kotlers redefinition of the 4Ps to the 4Cs namely, customer solution, customer cost, convenience and communication (Kotler et al., 1999 cited in Kruger et al., 2003 and Ashcroft and Hoey 1999). This re definition suggests a shift from the era of product-orientation to customer-orientation which is the essence of relationship marketing. However, it also suggests that the marketing mix is still relevant but there is need for some modification to suit the dynamic marketing environment. Judd (2002) proposes an expansion of the 4Ps marketing mix by including the employees of any organisation as the fifth P. This viewpoint is supported by the fact that the employees are an integral part of any organisation. They are the point of contact between the organisation and its customers. However, like Kotlers 4Cs, this proposed expansion of the 4Ps to 5Ps also points to the relevance of the marketing mix, but with some modification to suit appropriate markets. This argument is supported by Groonroos (1994) when he opines that relationships do not operate in isolation. Relationships function in combination with the other marketing tools already in operation within a given organisation in order t o successfully create value for both the customer and the organisation. The application of the traditional marketing mix elements of product, price, promotion and place would be necessary at some point in the interactions between the customer and the organisation. This standpoint implies that, notwithstanding the criticisms of the traditional marketing mix paradigm, its elements still contribute in one way or the other in the effective implementation of the relationship marketing approach. Criticism of the marketing mix has also arisen in the area of social marketing. Murphy et al., (1978) argue that the implementation of certain marketing strategies is unethical especially in the area of packaging, promotion, price and distribution channels. This argument tends to suggest that the marketing mix is responsible for the unethical practices that may occur during implementation. However, responsibility for the implementation of the marketing mix is within the purview of the marketing and non-marketing functional units within the organisation. They are responsible for any unethical practices that may occur in the course of implementing the marketing strategies and not the marketing mix. Also, the marketing mix has been applied by social marketing in the public health sector. Montoya et al, (2005), Pirani and Reizes (2005) and Grier and Bryant (2005) agree that the application of the marketing mix is essential in the role of social marketing in public health. The elements are combined in different ways to bring about the desired change in the target market. Attempts have been made to incorporate the marketing mix theory into other non-marketing sectors. Lees-Marshment (2001) suggests that political parties have adopted a marketing-orientation with significant electoral success. Lloyd (2003) suggests the application of the marketing mix to the political arena by recommending the development of a political marketing mix that comprises five components namely, services offering, representation, accommodation, investment and outcome. The implication of the aforementioned suggestions is that the marketing mix can contribute enormously to the smooth operation of political parties in particular, and the government in general. CONCLUSION Though the marketing mix has been criticised as being too narrow and product-oriented, it is still relevant in contemporary marketing approaches. As has been discussed above, there is need for some modifications in the mix portfolio. Redefinition of the marketing mix does not reduce its relevance; it only serves to shift its focus to the modern trends in the market place. Also, the relevance of the marketing mix is reinforced by its application to non-marketing sectors such as politics and the public health sector. This shift suggests that with the right modifications, the marketing mix can be applied in any area of human endeavour. REFERENCES Ailawadi, K. L., Lehmann, D.R. and Neslin, S.A. (2001), Market response to a major policy change in the marketing mix: learning from Procter Gambles value pricing strategy. Journal of Marketing, Vol.65, No.1, pp.44-61. Ashcroft, L. and Hoey, C. (2001), PR, marketing and the Internet: implications for information professionals. Library Management, Vol.22, No. 1/2, pp.68-74. Banting, P.M. and Ross, E.M. (1973), The marketing mix: a Canadian perspective. Journal of Marketing Science, Vol.1, No.1, pp.1-11. Bartels, R. (1983), The development of marketing thought. Ohio: Grid Publishing. Constantinides, E. (2006), The marketing mix revisited: towards the 21st century marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, Vol.22, pp.407-438. Coviello, N.E., Brodie, R.J. and Munro, H.J. (1997), Understanding contemporary marketing: development of a classification scheme. Journal of Marketing Management, Vol.13, No.6, pp.501-522. Goldsmith, R. (1999), The personalised marketplace: beyond the 4Ps. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, pp.178-185. Grier, S. and Bryant C.A. (2005), Social marketing in public health. Annual Review Public Health, Vol.26, pp.319-339. Gronroos, C. (1994). From marketing mix to relationship marketing: towards a paradigm shift in marketing. Management Decision, Vol.32, N0.2, pp.4-20. Gronroos, C. (1997). From marketing mix to relationship marketing: towards a paradigm shift in marketing. Management Decision, Vol.35, No.4, pp.322-339. Gummesson, E. (1994). Making relationship marketing operational. International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol.5, No.5, pp.5-20. Gummesson, J. (1997). Relationship marketing as a paradigm shift: some conclusions from the 30R approach. Management Decision, Vol.35, No.4, pp.267-272. Harker, M. and Egan J. (2006), The past, present and future of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, Vol.22, pp.215-242. Judd, V. (2002). Achieving a customer orientation using people-power, the 5th P. European Journal of Marketing, Vol.37, No. 10, pp.1301-1313. Kent, R.A. (1986). Faith in the 4Ps: an alternative. Journal of Marketing Management, Vol.2, No.2, pp.145-154. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Saunders, J. and Wong V. (1999), Principles of marketing. London: Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. and Armstrong G. (2008), Principles of marketing. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kruger, C.C., Lu, N. and Swatman, P.M.C. (2003), Success factors for online music marketing- e-transformation: from the four Ps to the four Cs, pp. 1-16. Lees-Marshment, J. (2001), The marriage of politics and marketing. political studies, Vol.49, 692-713. Lloyd, J. (2003), Square peg, round hole? Can marketing-based concepts such as the product and the marketing mix have a useful role in the political arena?. pp. 1-24. McCarthy, E. (1960), Basic marketing: A managerial approach. Illinois: Irwin. Montoya, J. A., Kent, C. K., Rotblatt, H., Mccright, J., Kerndt, P. R., and Klausner, J. D. (2005), Social marketing campaign significantly associated with increases in syphilis testing among gay and bisexual men in San Francisco. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Vol.32, No.7, pp.395-399. Murphy, P. E., Laczniak, G. R. and Lusch, R. F. (1978). Ethical guidelines for business and social marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, Vol.6, No.3, pp.195-205. O Malley, L. and Patterson, M. (1998). Vanishing point: the mix management paradigm re-viewed. Journal of Marketing Management, Vol.14, pp.829-851. Pirani, S. and Reizes, T. (2005). The turning point social marketing national excellence collaboration: integrating social marketing into routine public health practice. Journal of Public Health Management, Vol.11, No.2, pp.131-138. Shapiro, B. (1985). Rejuvenating the marketing mix. Havard Business Review, pp. 28-34. Van Waterschoot, W. and Van den Bulte, C. (1992). The 4P classification of the marketing mix revisited. Journal of Marketing, Vol.56, No.4, pp.83-93.

Bayard’s Search for Subjective Truth in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished :: Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essays

Bayard’s Search for Subjective Truth in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Unlike Sarty Snopes of â€Å"Barn Burning†, the narrator of The Unvanquished leads a somewhat existential life. Sarty takes an objectively moral stance when abandoning his abusive father. Conversely, Bayard Sartoris is faced with the â€Å"ambiguity and absurdity of the human situation† and is on a search for subjective truth (Kierkegaard). Though he acts on behalf of his family, he does things that he knows can be considered wrong. Additionally, he is asked to believe new information and take in experiences that are foreign to him. For him, it seems that â€Å"existence precedes essence† in his childhood. During this journey, Bayard describes instances in which his apprehension of information is primary, as is his need for empirical evidence. As he is about to run headlong into the first Union regiment that he has ever seen, Bayard observes, â€Å"There is a limit to what a child can accept, assimilate; not to what it can believe because a child can believe anything, given time, but to what it can accept, a limit in time, in the very time which nourishes the believing of the incredible† (66). When he is given visible proof of the Union Army, it is overwhelming. The regiment that he encounters becomes tangible proof of the war. Later in the book, he again reflects on the war. He catalogs the proofs that he has been given — injured and half-starved countrymen — but persists in his existential doubt. He notes, â€Å"So we knew a war existed; we had to believe that, just as we had to believe that the name for the sort of life we had led for the last three years was hardship and suffering. Yet we had no proof of it. In fact, we had even less than no proof; we had had thrust into our faces the very shabby and unavoidable obverse of proof†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (94). Because he has not seen the battles, he has difficulty acknowledging the reality of war. Even as Bayard is faced with the idea of war, he recalls of himself and Ringo that, â€Å"What counted was, what one of us had done or seen that the other had not, and ever since that Christmas I had been ahead of Ringo because I had seen a railroad, a locomotive† (81). In the midst of an already chaotic situation, the childlike fascination with the locomotive is a bit illogical. Bayard’s Search for Subjective Truth in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished :: Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essays Bayard’s Search for Subjective Truth in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Unlike Sarty Snopes of â€Å"Barn Burning†, the narrator of The Unvanquished leads a somewhat existential life. Sarty takes an objectively moral stance when abandoning his abusive father. Conversely, Bayard Sartoris is faced with the â€Å"ambiguity and absurdity of the human situation† and is on a search for subjective truth (Kierkegaard). Though he acts on behalf of his family, he does things that he knows can be considered wrong. Additionally, he is asked to believe new information and take in experiences that are foreign to him. For him, it seems that â€Å"existence precedes essence† in his childhood. During this journey, Bayard describes instances in which his apprehension of information is primary, as is his need for empirical evidence. As he is about to run headlong into the first Union regiment that he has ever seen, Bayard observes, â€Å"There is a limit to what a child can accept, assimilate; not to what it can believe because a child can believe anything, given time, but to what it can accept, a limit in time, in the very time which nourishes the believing of the incredible† (66). When he is given visible proof of the Union Army, it is overwhelming. The regiment that he encounters becomes tangible proof of the war. Later in the book, he again reflects on the war. He catalogs the proofs that he has been given — injured and half-starved countrymen — but persists in his existential doubt. He notes, â€Å"So we knew a war existed; we had to believe that, just as we had to believe that the name for the sort of life we had led for the last three years was hardship and suffering. Yet we had no proof of it. In fact, we had even less than no proof; we had had thrust into our faces the very shabby and unavoidable obverse of proof†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (94). Because he has not seen the battles, he has difficulty acknowledging the reality of war. Even as Bayard is faced with the idea of war, he recalls of himself and Ringo that, â€Å"What counted was, what one of us had done or seen that the other had not, and ever since that Christmas I had been ahead of Ringo because I had seen a railroad, a locomotive† (81). In the midst of an already chaotic situation, the childlike fascination with the locomotive is a bit illogical.

Misconception and Misdiagnosis of Tourette Syndrome

{draw:g} {draw:g} {draw:g} Tourette syndrome, (TS), named after Gilles de la Tourette who discovered the condition, is a disorder that causes motor and vocal tics due to a chemical imbalance in the brain. Neurotransmitters constantly misfire in the brain of a TS sufferer releasing a chemical, known as dopamine, which transmits signals to many parts of the body causing these uncontrollable tics. Lange, Olivier and Meyer (2003) states, â€Å"This neuropsychiatric disorder is, in all likelihood, genetically determined and associated with neurotransmitter (â€Å"chemical†) imbalances in the brain. Although there is no known cure for TS, medications are available that help control the condition. Society often misunderstands those who suffer from TS, because the condition is commonly misdiagnosed and misunderstood. There are many misconceptions about TS and much of society is poorly educated and misinformed about the condition. Physicians do not refer to TS as a disease, but more c ommonly as a â€Å"condition†, even though people lend to view those who suffer from TS as having some debilitating disease. Although this is not an accurate conception of syndrome, some patients with severe case may suffer some type of debilitation. One of the most common misconceptions that society has regarding TS patients is that they curse uncontrollably in public. The media contributes to this by depicting characters with the syndrome in movies displaying this type of behavior. This is entirely inaccurate and represents only a small percentage of TS patients with more severe cases. Society is also guilty of misrepresenting and misunderstanding people with TS, often using hurtful quips or acting out in jest towards people who have this condition. This is not only psychologically damaging to TS patients but can temporarily cause tics to become more severe due to stress and discomfort associated with ridicule. TS is no joking matter and is a serious condition that affects the daily lives of many people. There are public awareness groups that have information needed to provide better understanding of TS as well as how to live with the condition once diagnosed. The most notable is the Tourette syndrome association (TSA) founded by group of medical professionals, laypeople and TS patients. This organization educates people about the condition and provides assistance, information and encouragement to those who have it. TSA has been instrumental in bridging the gap between the medical profession and the public. Tourette syndrome generally develops in early childhood between ages of four and eight. Mayo clinic staff (2004) wrote the following: â€Å"The first symptom of Tourette syndrome is usually a facial tic, such as eye blinking. As many as 1 in 200 children develop tics that last only a few weeks or months and then stop. Tourette syndrome, however, involves multiple motor and vocal tics that have lasted longer than a year. Children with TS, like a percentage of children who develop tics that eventually disappears, often experience a wax and wane of tics over a long period, making it difficult condition to diagnose. The symptoms of TS include motor and vocal tics as well as behavior symptoms such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit hyper-acti vity disorder (ADHAD). Motor tics may include heard jerking, eye blinking or twitching, shoulder shrugging as well as unusual torso or limber movements. Vocal tics include throat clearing, coughing, humming and uncontrollable cursing. OCD and ADHAD are psychological co-morbid behaviors that are associated with many patients with TS. Although there is no guaranteed predisposition to these co-morbid behaviors for every TS patient, it does play an active role in most cases. Budman and Feirman (2001) stated, â€Å"Disturbances of affective regulation, including mood disorders, OCD, obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, non-OCD anxiety disorders, ADHAD, personality disorders, and self-injurious behaviors, have been reported to occur more frequently among patients with Tourette’s syndrome who are seen in clinical settings. Again, this is not a medical adherence to a guaranteed predisposition to these behaviors. It is; however, a good indication that they are likely occurring more often than not in TS patients. This supports many doctors and physicians belief that TS is a genetically inherited condition. Effective diagnosis of TS is a long-term process. In order for doctors to make a positive diagnosis, monitoring of patients for a period of several months is necessary to determine critical question is the degree to which tics are interfering with the child’s emotional, social, familial, and school experiences. To determine this, it is useful to monitor symptoms over a few months in order to assess their severity and fluctuation, impact on the family, and the child’s and A medical professional skilled in the observation and treatment of TS is required to make accurate diagnosis. Just as Gilles de la Tourette observed long ago, most doctors and leading experts still believe there are genetic linkages associated with TS. Leckman (1997) states, â€Å"Gilles de la Tourette’s original reports hypothesized an etiologic role for hereditary factors. Subsequent twin and family studies confirm that genetic factors play an important role in the transmission and expression of TS. † practitioners believe that natural and behavioral methods can assist in the control and tolerance of TS, although there is no agreement about treatment in this manner. The most effective treatment, although not without substantial risks and side effects, is that of pharmacotherapy. Medications can reduce symptoms of TS significantly but ultimately may cause side effects, which are also difficult to live with. Alpha-adrenergic medications such as Clonidine and Atypical and typical neuroleptics such as haloperidol and pimozide, though studied and administered the most can have more severe side effects. Neuroleptics cause side effects that include weight gain, sedation, and EKG abnormalities. Alternative treatments such as relaxation and discipline techniques can be effective in reducing the onset and severity of tics but only provide temporary relief of symptoms. As TS patients learn how to cope with their condition and adapt to the challenges that it can cause in everyday life, sustaining a normal, fulfilled life as possible. Social ramifications can have devastating effects on TS patients who are incapable of finding self-worth due to social anxiety and/or personality behavior disorders associated with the condition. These challenges can be more difficult to overcome than the condition itself. Due to misunderstanding and lack of patience between parents and children, problems in home can have a profound effect on a child’s emotional and psychological state. The key for a family is to seek professional guidance and counseling to learn how to deal with and accept the challenges that TS may cause at home. The long-term, lifelong challenges that TS poses to patients are complex. First, acceptance of the condition is imperative. Secondly, and even more important, professional guidance is encouraged in order to help TS patients deal with and adapt to the changes and challenges that he or she will face in life. . Third, as TS sufferers deal with social and personal conflicts, each must find balance in his or her own life through combination of emotional, physical, and medical treatments and methods that are necessary to gain control over the condition. Lastly, it is extremely important for TS patients to find positive experiences and factors in his or her situation. Most people with condition demonstrate certain gifts or abilities such as increased determination and drive, inner and physical strengths, creativity and intelligence. the gifts that TS patients demonstrate. Swain and Leckman (2005) state, â€Å"Children with TS are often observed to be particularly attuned to the concerns and well being of others, possibly because of their own experience of illness. † These positive traits can help offset the negativities often experienced by TS sufferers. As with anything, the more positive attitude a person adapts in life, the more likely he or she is to succeed and flourish. TS is a condition not considered debilitating or handicapping to anyone, although more severe cases reported have such effects. For society to understand and accept people who suffer from TS, more information needs to be readily available via the internet, medical journals and media coverage in order to educate the general population on this fascinating condition of the human mind and body. Society often misunderstands those who suffer from TS, because the condition is commonly misdiagnosed and misunderstood. Tourette syndrome is not contagious; therefore, no one has a reason to fear or reject those who suffer from the condition. References Mayo Clinic Staff (2004, March). Tourette syndrome. hhtp://www. mayoclinic. com Swain, J. J. , & Leckman, J. F. , (2005) Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: Overview and Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. _ Psychiatry_ Leckman. J. F. , (1997, April). What Genes Confer Vulnerability to Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome? Psychiatric Annals. Olivier, M. A. J. , Meyer, L. W. , & De Lange, N. (2003). Tourette’s syndrome: isn’t that the foul mouth disease? Early Child Development and Care Prestia, K. (2003, November). Tourette’s syndrome: Characteristics and Interventions. Intervention in School and Clinic. Budman, C. L. , & Feirman, L. (2001, September). The relationship of Tourette’s syndrome with its psychiatric co-morbidities: Is there an overlap? Psychiatric Annals.

Genetic engeneering1 essays

Genetic engeneering1 essays Genetic engineering has some history of good and bad. In 1989as a result of the food supplement Typtophan, 37 people died, 1500 were permanently disabled, and 5000 were very ill as result of high toxin levels in the food. No one knows the future side effects. Such as in August 19994, corn crops grew three inches tall and then suddenly fell over dead, because past crops drained the soil of most nutrients. Genetics have some new applications. They have newer and better-enhanced cells to be bigger and to produce more. For example soybean companies, they try to get a cell of all or mostly protein. It didnt work to well many people had an allergic reactions. Now scientists are looking and trying to make bigger and better plants. Scientists are also looking for a way to make plants grow twice or three times as big and produce more. That will let them get more crops out of one area of land. Scientists are out to educate people about engineering in plants. To let them know what they are eating. So they dont eat something that a major problem, and most of the public agree to be produced. Since scientists dont know about the long-term effects, because no long-term tests have been able to conducted. There are some negatives that come with everything but genetic engineering on plants has some pretty good ones. People have unknown reactions to some foods that have been altered. Our public health agencies are powerless to trace problems of any kind, back to the source, because there are no labels. There are unexpected and unknown side effects yet to be discovered. Genetic engineering also has its good side. We can produce three times as many crops in one field at one time. That will make our plants three times the size. It will also make the food we produce three times as much. This will help people buy making food in good supply year round, and making it c ...

A sociological look at JAWS essays

A sociological look at JAWS essays The movie I choose to review was Jaws, which is one of my favorites and a timeless classic. A traditional story about man against beast takes place on an island that depends on its summer tourist business. When the summer season in threatened by a series of shark attacks three men are sent out to track down a great white shark. The three main (human) characters are Brody (Roy Scheider), the police chief, who came to the island from New York looking, so he thought, for a change from the fears of the city. There's Quint (Robert Shaw), a caricature of the crusty old seafaring salt, who has a very personal reason for hating sharks. And there's Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss), the rich kid turned oceanographer, who knows best of all what a shark can do to a man, and yet is willing to get into the water with one The movie starts just before the summer boom with a girl running out in to the ocean for a midnight dip. She is undoubtedly attacked by a shark and when she is found on the beach the next morning the town officials dismiss the find as a boating accident. Chief Brody who is not convinced of that is was a boating accident fears it was a shark attack. With the safety of not only the islanders but also the coming tourist crowds Brody tries to close the island off the tourists until the problem is solved. The Mayor sensing what Brody is up to stops the Chief from cutting off the islands only means of income. The Mayor tells Brody that no one is sure what happened to the girl and no decision like this can be made with the evidence at hand. Brody unwillingly agrees. When there is another attack, this time on a small child and in broad daylight, a meeting is called to discuss what to do about the islands problem. The Chief decides t call the mainland for help but being an island of fishermen the locals have only on thing on their minds. This is where we get to meet Quint. Quint is convinced that the only way to solve the prob...

Airlines

Airlines Are the changes in baggage handling helping ease the mind of the frequent flier? The tragic events of September 11 caused a tremendous ripple of changes in the United States. One large and important response has been a deep revision of an important form of travel. Airport security over the past four months has been looked at under a microscope. The change in baggage handling has drawn a lot of concern. The old lackluster method for checking bags is a way of the past. The new method calls for all bags that are checked to be examined. Is this justified? Is the government worrying about the wrong aspects of air travel? Will changes like these promote or deter people from flying? The government is passing legislation to tighten up all forms of security in airports. Will this make passengers safer? Will people be compelled to fly if they know that all the baggage in the planes belly has been searched? Most people never thought the events on September 11 could happen.Biometric United State s passport issued in 2007Will this change prevent problems on airplanes? These days less people are willing to travel. If things do not get better soon many people might never fly again. It only makes sense that the government should try and make it clear in the minds of the travelers, that every possible thing is being done to make air travel safer. Are the procedures that are being put in place making people feel safer, or are they making flying a hassle for the passengers? The things that are being done by the government should make the current status of air travel better. Are United States Citizens once again becoming comfortable with flying?

The editor's note Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The editor's note - Essay Example She said, â€Å"literally for the first time I read about Arab women in America, things I did not know, figures not exposed to the American media, and the most interesting thing in the magazine, is that youre talking about Arab women social life; not only that but you also have a page for teens, which allows them to write about the problems they face." And here comes another crucial month for us. This month’s issue integrates interesting and varied topics that I am literally in a dilemma as to what I should incorporate in this letter. First of all, let me clarify our choice for the campaign article. In this issue we focused on sensitizing people about cancer and also featured Negma, Egypts second forum, which took place in Boston, American Muslim Union annual branch, Egypt Cancer Networks fundraising dinner, and Noonelneswa’s first annual spring as well as community recognition occasion. Concerning our wellbeing feature, we presented a brave Arab face that successfully wrestled breast cancer and currently lives cancer free life. Further, because of the fact that April is the National Cancer Control Month, we incorporated an interview with an Arab-American woman who has tirelessly worked with the community in the fight against cancer. In your copy, please find the â€Å"best of the best† page so that you can di gest the information about one of the best-ranked high schools in New Jersey, which pioneered Arabic language class. I regret that I cannot find all the space to highlight for you all the interesting items featured in this month’s edition. As I conclude, you would be doing yourself no good if you missed the story about a British journalist, Lauren Booth, who is a sister-in-Law to the former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, who converted to Islam. She wore a veil and travelled across the world in a bid to facilitate and drive the Palestinian roots. In her endeavor, she recently toured America, where she met with the Arab and Muslim

Operating Systems Vendor lock-in Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operating Systems Vendor lock-in - Essay Example By using Microsoft you have standard platform for all users in your office and worldwide. This is the opposite of Linux, which has multiple distributors delivering similar, but not the same products. This is where many concerns originate. Just because something is cheaper doesn’t always mean it has the competitive advantage. Software price is just one factor, as other factors prove to be more significant. Primarily compatability, standardization, ease of use and reliability. Because of these aspects, Microsoft still has the advantage. What the future hold is uncertain, in terms of new Utility, or the ability to change or alter its function over time, is also important. Some applications are used for one purpose, then another is identified. This would also be a requirement of a new solution. In order for the costs associated with installation and implementation to be worthwhile, the application should provide multiple uses and those that we may deem useful in the future of our organization. as troubleshooting for any issues that occur during the changeover process. Some vendors possess more knowledge in this than others. For this issue, we would likely contact current and previous clients to identify any possible areas of concern. We would In regards to my organization, we are most comfortably locked into software packages and our dependency on Microsoft Windows is the most obvious. We are solely a Microsoft Shop, except for a few rogue machines in our organization. The cost of switching operating systems for our organization would be major. Primarily, environmental changes would lead to need for retraining in multiple areas. Foremost, and securely. Regular users would be forced to learn the new operating system including the changes made to software packages running on the new operating system. Valuable time will be spent on training. This would result in a decreased productivity, due

Thank You For Smoking Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thank You For Smoking - Movie Review Example There is a fundamental belief in the free enterprise system that when it comes to marketing product, an organization must hold steadfast to the idea that it must be completely forthright about their product rather than spinning the truth about the flaws, or even dangers, of its merchandise for the sake of driving the firm’s profits. While all of the rhetoric thus far may seem rudimentary in an age where we are inundated with marketing campaigns and gimmicks, all designed to drive consumers to purchase goods and services from these entities at an alarming pace, one industry seems to have slipped through the proverbial cracks when it comes to corporate ethics, accountability, and general morality: big tobacco. Tobacco, while banned from producing TV commercials to push their particular brands, are still using highly effective marketing ploys to encourage consumers to purchase their goods, despite the lethally addictive nature of their products. Quite simply, the industry deceive s its customer base to increase its profit margin by minimizing the effects of nicotine use and, in a rather brazen way, seems to pontificate that no studies have completely proven that regular tobacco consumption is ultimately fatal.

Management of Business System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management of Business System - Research Paper Example Thus an optimal product mix consisting of only D, E, F, H, I, J, K, O, P, R has been proposed. Other products can be discontinued. Modular process design and business process management system are recommended to implement along with this revised optimal product mix. This affords flexibility and enhances the capability to handle competition. Grouping of similar products and their standardised production, while maintaining separate production lines for specialised products, is advised as specific standardisation steps. First the proposed product mix of ten items may be tested for a reasonable period, evaluated including demand fluctuations, competition and market share information. Thus a more detailed Pareto analysis can be done. The limitation of the present study is due to the available data lacking in these respects. When a company produces and sells many items, some items may fetch large incomes and some others small incomes. These incomes are related to sale price and sale volume of each product. The company is interested in maximising its total sale income with least cost, so that profit can be maximised. Reducing product mix is one way. In this paper, a situation pertaining to Chelwood Country Products is evaluated for these possibilities. Green & Krieger (1992) used Pareto analysis, sensitivity analysis, optimal product positioning, line extension, segment-based addition and response of competitors. The data provided in the case of Chelwood are not enough for such detailed study. Ordover & Panzar (1980) showed that when user demands are independent, a uniform price higher than marginal cost can be Pareto non-linear outlay schedule. When users compete for products, their demands are inter-related. Then Pareto improvement is not possible. This aspect is not known in the case of Chelwood. We may assume independent user demands. Dudek-Burlikowska & Szewieczek (2007) proposed quality research methods for estimation of sales process with Pareto analysis, Ishikawa diagram and process analysis. Process management approach is to be used in our study when better options are

The price elasticity of gasoline in the United States has been Essay

The price elasticity of gasoline in the United States has been estimated to be 0.15. if this is so, should profit maximizing gasoline stations raise their prices Explain why or why not - Essay Example Since gasoline is considered as normal goods the income elasticity will be positive. The estimated price elasticity will vary according to income, demography and the geography. The demand for gasoline is closely associated with the fuel economy of the vehicles. If the price of the gasoline rises the profit maximizing gasoline companies will not be able to raise the prices according to their wish as in such cases the consumers will shift to the more fuel efficient vehicles which will ultimately lead to a fall in demand conditions for gasoline1. The rebounding effect will have a role to play in this case. The organizations may witness a rise in demand in the short run but in the long run the demand will not be persistent and in fact the demand will fall further than expected. Gillingham, K. 2011. How Do Consumers Respond to Gasoline Price Shocks? Heterogeneity in Vehicle Choice and Driving Behavior. Available at: http://www.umass.edu/resec/seminars/docs/Gillingham_ConsumerResponseGasPrices.pdf. [Accessed: 18th October,

One of the 10 Principles of Caregiving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One of the 10 Principles of Caregiving - Essay Example All I can remember about my childhood is the quality times we used to spend together engaging in different types of activities, but the most memorable is the Sunday afternoon family reunion, where my mother ensured that all the members of our family were at home on Sunday afternoons, during which we could undertake different activities together such as making the family barbeque in our backyard. However, the most interesting thing about the family reunion is that I enjoyed the highest attention as the youngest in our family, and out of it, I still wish to be home all Sunday afternoons, since it is the time that I ever experienced true love in a way that has not been possible to experience from the outside world. The experience relates to spending quality time principle of caregiving, in that through spending a lot of time together with my mother and also the rest of the family members especially on Sunday afternoons have triggered the emotional response of wanting to be home every Sunday afternoon. Additionally, the quality time we spent together did not just create value in terms of time sent, but the effect was the formation of a long-lasting bond of love that does not only unite the two of us, but also the whole family. The quality time spent together with my mother at childhood has enabled me to learn things easily as well as develop strong relationships with my immediate family members. The bonding between me and my mother did not only help to bond the two of us, but also to bond and integrate me to the family system in a manner that has made anyone of our immediate family strongly attached to our mother. This love and attention that I received has been the basis of my relationship with all members of the female gender, since I have developed the tendency to interact with them as tender, kind and caring members of the society, since that is all I was able

Management of Business System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management of Business System - Research Paper Example Thus an optimal product mix consisting of only D, E, F, H, I, J, K, O, P, R has been proposed. Other products can be discontinued. Modular process design and business process management system are recommended to implement along with this revised optimal product mix. This affords flexibility and enhances the capability to handle competition. Grouping of similar products and their standardised production, while maintaining separate production lines for specialised products, is advised as specific standardisation steps. First the proposed product mix of ten items may be tested for a reasonable period, evaluated including demand fluctuations, competition and market share information. Thus a more detailed Pareto analysis can be done. The limitation of the present study is due to the available data lacking in these respects. When a company produces and sells many items, some items may fetch large incomes and some others small incomes. These incomes are related to sale price and sale volume of each product. The company is interested in maximising its total sale income with least cost, so that profit can be maximised. Reducing product mix is one way. In this paper, a situation pertaining to Chelwood Country Products is evaluated for these possibilities. Green & Krieger (1992) used Pareto analysis, sensitivity analysis, optimal product positioning, line extension, segment-based addition and response of competitors. The data provided in the case of Chelwood are not enough for such detailed study. Ordover & Panzar (1980) showed that when user demands are independent, a uniform price higher than marginal cost can be Pareto non-linear outlay schedule. When users compete for products, their demands are inter-related. Then Pareto improvement is not possible. This aspect is not known in the case of Chelwood. We may assume independent user demands. Dudek-Burlikowska & Szewieczek (2007) proposed quality research methods for estimation of sales process with Pareto analysis, Ishikawa diagram and process analysis. Process management approach is to be used in our study when better options are

One of the 10 Principles of Caregiving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One of the 10 Principles of Caregiving - Essay Example All I can remember about my childhood is the quality times we used to spend together engaging in different types of activities, but the most memorable is the Sunday afternoon family reunion, where my mother ensured that all the members of our family were at home on Sunday afternoons, during which we could undertake different activities together such as making the family barbeque in our backyard. However, the most interesting thing about the family reunion is that I enjoyed the highest attention as the youngest in our family, and out of it, I still wish to be home all Sunday afternoons, since it is the time that I ever experienced true love in a way that has not been possible to experience from the outside world. The experience relates to spending quality time principle of caregiving, in that through spending a lot of time together with my mother and also the rest of the family members especially on Sunday afternoons have triggered the emotional response of wanting to be home every Sunday afternoon. Additionally, the quality time we spent together did not just create value in terms of time sent, but the effect was the formation of a long-lasting bond of love that does not only unite the two of us, but also the whole family. The quality time spent together with my mother at childhood has enabled me to learn things easily as well as develop strong relationships with my immediate family members. The bonding between me and my mother did not only help to bond the two of us, but also to bond and integrate me to the family system in a manner that has made anyone of our immediate family strongly attached to our mother. This love and attention that I received has been the basis of my relationship with all members of the female gender, since I have developed the tendency to interact with them as tender, kind and caring members of the society, since that is all I was able

High School Drop out Rate Essay Example for Free

High School Drop out Rate Essay Analysts agree that the rate of high school dropout in the United States has reached catastrophic levels. Credible estimates claim that more than a third of all students that join high school are likely to abandon school before completion. A look at the past decades indicates that this has been a growing trend and is yet to be arrested appropriately. This is a problem that has not been captured in the public glare due to scarcity if data. This paper will provide the available statistics on the rate of high school dropouts; provide an analysis of the possible causes and remedies. Different publications contain valid rates of dropouts; this is because of the existing differences in the definition of a dropout. There are those that graduate after completing the high school syllabus, others that graduate after completing an equivalency test of the same and those that graduate after passing other states based tests. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) compiles its data using either the event rates, status rates or the cohert rates. Events rates refer to the number of students that drop out of school annually while the status rate takes into account the total number of students that have cumulatively dropped out of school as a proportion of the total population. (National Institute on the Education of At Risks Students, 2006) Indicative reports have it that the rate of school dropout from the 1970s to the 1990s recorded a steady decline; however the rates have stabilized from the 90s to date recording an insignificant improvement. A look at the 1999 and the 2000 reports indicate that 5% of all students that had joined high school in the respective years dropped out within a year. This is in according to the available education department’s event dropout rates. The status dropout rates for 2000 indicate that â€Å"some 3. 8 million young adults were not enrolled in a high school program and had not completed high school. † (National Center for Education Statistics). Other available statistics on the dropout rates focus on the differences between gender and the racial groups. They have indicated that 5. 8% of male students are more likely to dropout compared to whose dropout rate is 4. 3%. The gender disparities in the dropout rate are witnessed across all the ethnic and racial groups with male students being the most affected. The dropout rate for the minority groups has remained higher than that of white Americans. The Latinos lead the group of the minorities with a rate of 27. 5%; African Americans have 13. 6% while the whites have a dropout rate of 7. 9%. This is according to the 1993 survey although these rates have remained fairly constant since then. (National Institute on the Education of At Risk Students, 1996) Having looked at the existing statistics, it is important to look at the reasons behind these statistics. There exists immense research on the causes of high school dropouts but it is important to point out that they focus on a variety of issues depending on the discipline. The ethnographic studies for example may focus on the issues of minorities and the social causes of their dropout. Attempts therefore to establish the specific factors are impeded by the existence of â€Å"a large variety of factors that predict or influence dropout behaviors, ranging from family background to school characteristics. † (Richard, 2002, 120) Scholars however have observed that students drop out of schools either after being ‘pushed out’ by the school environment or after being ‘pulled away’ by factors beyond the school curriculum. (Jay W. , 1999). A survey conducted on the various reasons behind the high school drop out rates revolve around vague reasons such boring classes and hard exams. These though are the pointer towards the major factors that contribute towards high school dropout rates. The causes range from academic challenges, economic, social and personal reasons One of the major ‘push out’ cause of dropout of high school can be traced to the various schools’ requirements to undertake an exit exam as the precondition for graduation. A look at the United States reveals that most states have put forth a requirement for a standardized test to mark the graduation of students from high school. Exit exams were adopted to enable states to standardize their tests and upgrade their diplomas. Where the merits of these exams have been widely noted, criticism has been leveled against them alleging that they exert too much pressure on the high school students. The basic purpose of exit exams is to ensure that the quality of the diploma is maintained, today however it is being seen as pushing students out of school, â€Å"these critics rely upon the push-out-myth- the idea that requiring students to pass exit exams forces students to drop out of high school. † (Jay P. , 2006, 127). The conclusion that stringent exam requirement may push students out of school has been reached after examining performance records and transcripts belonging to those that have dropped out. Studies have pointed out a streak of dismal performance by most of them indicating a sense of hopelessness on the drop outs. Some students have blamed the dismal performance on the lack of motivation by their teachers. Another possible cause of school dropout is peer influence. Peers are an important component to the development of an individual and also as socialization agents. It has been established that the influence of the family to the life of adolescents is fast waning and its place taken over by peers. The issue of how peers influence school drop out rate is broad and has been found to be an important factor. School dropouts have claimed to have been influenced by their peers to quit schools especially for those that had non schooling friends. This is so as peer influence has been found to either be a source of motivation or discouragement. This has been problematic as most of these have plunged into the crime world led by their peers. Working students also find it hard to cope with both tasks and most have even been found to give up education in the belief that they will resume later. Unsupportive parents have also been known to lead their children out of schools due to lack of moral support. Just like there is no single cause behind the high rates of school dropouts, there is no single remedy for the problem. It requires a multifaceted approach that incorporates both students and the teachers. It has been found that most students drop out of schools to escape the taxing nature of academics and exams. While it is not prudent to change the existing exams, it would be appropriate to put measures to ensure that the tests would not be an excuse to drive students out of school. As Marvin (2003, 215) has pointed out, â€Å"states should look for more ways to identify students at risk and consider instituting or adapting existing programs to support students before they drop out. † The best approach hence would be to incorporate a support program to help students cope with the rising challenges. This should include providing extra school tutoring and retake programs for students that perform dismally in the first attempts. This should also include introducing changes to the academic programs to ensure that they are more responsive and relevant to the student lives. The government also should roll out programs that aim towards sensitizing students on the need to stay in school. A number of factors that contribute to high rates of school dropout are social-psychological meaning that they can be eradicated through creation of awareness and general counseling. It is also important to involve students in the process of policy making to ensure that their expectations and views are incorporated and hence make them feel that they have a bigger stake in the school programs. Indeed there much has to be done to reduce the number of students that fail to complete their high school. The dropout rates indicated above are worrisome. More also needs to be done to bridge the dropout disparities across the racial groups. Students should be sensitized on the dangers of dropping out of schools especially as they are exposing themselves to the risks of unemployment as well as crime.

Nursing Process of Transurethral

Nursing Process of Transurethral Introduction Its said one knows not what he has until it is gone, This common proverb can be applied to the processes involved with Transurethral resection of the prostate( TURP). TURP is done to treat or alleviate enlargement of the prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia) (mayoclinic.com, 1). The prostate is situated near the urinary bladder in an adult male. When a person urinates, urine flows from the bladder, through the prostate gland, then the urethra which is enclosed within the penile shaft, leading to the destination. When this process is interrupted, in this case by an enlarged prostate gland blocking the exit out of the bladder; it can cause various urinary tract symptoms. These symptoms can vary from difficulty urinating, to urinary urgency, nocturia, oliguria, urinary retention and others. If these symptoms are intense, a TURP procedure is recommended by the physician as a minimally invasive method of alleviating them Nursing Process of Transurethral Resection of the prostate Its said one knows not what he has until it is gone, This common proverb can be applied to the processes involved with Transurethral resection of the prostate( TURP). TURP is done to treat or alleviate enlargement of the prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia) (mayoclinic.com, 1). The prostate is situated near the urinary bladder in an adult male. When a person urinates, urine flows from the bladder, through the prostate gland, then the urethra which is enclosed within the penile shaft, leading to the destination. When this process is interrupted, in this case by an enlarged prostate gland blocking the exit out of the bladder; it can cause various urinary tract symptoms. These symptoms can vary from difficulty urinating, to urinary urgency, nocturia, oliguria, urinary retention and others. If these symptoms are intense, a TURP procedure is recommended by the physician as a minimally invasive method of alleviating them. One does not think of what it entails to actually be able to get the urge to urinate and do so with ease. The pleasure of this almost automatic process has been taken away from clients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, leading to the need for a TURP. This explains the concepts of not knowing what one has till its gone or severely made problematic. A nurse comes into play in this process by using the nursing process of assessment, nursing diagnosis, goals, intervention and evaluation to manage the client through the entire course of treatment. That is the nurse follows the patient from preoperative to Post operative while diligently providing care and teaching. Preventing complications of TURP post operatively is a major part of the procedure, as this determines the success of such procedure. In reference to complication after TURP, Weaver 2001 stated that prevention must start long before the patient is admitted into the hospital (p. 1). The nurse needs to ask if the patient recently took Coumadin, Aspirin or any NSAIDs few days before the procedure. These drugs affects blood coagulation and they must have being stopped several days ago before to prevent hemorrhage. Weaver further explained that Coumadin should be discontinued 3-7 days before TURP and patient must have stop taking Aspirin for at least 10 days before (p. 1). During postoperative care, the nurse needs to assess the patients indwelling catheter for patency continuously. The content of the bag must also be checked. This is because a change in the urine color and consistency is the first clue to active bleeding.(Weaver 2001, p. 2) The patients vital signs need to be checked at regular intervals to detect any changes which could be related to bleeding and infection. Particular attention need to place on the patients laboratory values because a low white blood cell count could also show sign for infection. The patients input and output must also be assessed due to the continuous bladder irrigation (CBI). After the removal of the catheter, the nurse should assess the patients urine and explain to the patient that some tingling or burning might be felt and that this is normal. Gilhurst (2006) notes that TURP is used for approximately 90% of prostate surgery and that it is considered the gold standard'. Although TURP is such a high quality procedure, it is not without its risks. Nurses need to diagnose quickly to prevent further complications or mortality in patients. With this invasive procedure, along with catherization, patients are at high risk for infection. Fluid volume defect, as a result of hemorrhage, is another major diagnosis of concern. Patients doing this procedure would usually exhibit disturbed body image and knowledge deficit, although this varies by individual. The expected goals for TURP are that the patient would not experience TURP syndrome, the patient would not exhibit signs of hemorrhage, the catheters patency would be maintained without complication, the patient would verbalizes an understanding of the procedure and its desirable / undesirable effect. The nurse should ensure that the patient receives thorough discharge teaching. According to Ng (2004) continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) is an established procedure designed to prevent the formation and retention of blood clots following transurethral prostatectomy (TURP). (p . 97). This continuous irrigation is established by the use of a three-way Foley catheter. The nurse is responsible for the management of the Foley catheters patency. To ensure that patency is maintained, continuous assessment and early detection is implemented. It is the nurses duty to assess the saline irrigations height, volume remaining, and fluid level in the drip chamber. An assessment of the drainage bag for the amount, consistency and the color of the drainage is a necessary intervention in assuring efficiency of the procedure and in alerting to the development of any complications. Ng 2004 listed a few other interventions in the maintaining of catheter patency which include assess for kinking, traction, and leakage; adjust the clamps to ensure continuous flow rate; and continuously check fluid balance/ bladder irrigation. (p . 98). After a thorough assessment, if blockage is suspected the nurse is to intervene. As stated by Ng 2004 to unblock the catheter the nurses intervention should be to, reassure the patient and explain the procedure, turn off the bladder irrigation system; milk the tubing; observe drainage; and assess for a decrease in the patients level of discomfort. (p . 101). The most common complication after TURP is hemorrhage, with this in mind the nursing interventions should include checking the patients vital sign monitoring every four hours (Wasson 2004, p . 5). The color and consistency of the urine should also be checked at two hours interval. Instruct the patient to remain flat or at a slight incline immediately post-operatively, because sitting may increase venous and bladder pressure causing bleeding, (Wasson 2004, p . 5). While in the hospital, the nurse should inform the physician if there is an increase in the rate of bleeding, and of any drastic change in vital signs. Hypovolemia is a risk factor of extensive bleeding and the nurse should be prepared to intervene with replacements of intravenous fluids and blood products. According to Wasson 2004, the nurse should instruct the patient to drink at least 12 glasses of water per day and to avoid the use of alcohol, caffeinated beverages, and spicy foods that may over-stimulate the bladder (p . 5). Another serious TURP related complication is known as TURP syndrome (Wasson 2004, p. 4). TURP syndrome is described to be an abnormal vascular absorption of irrigating fluid during surgery which causes severe dilutional hyponatemia and hypervolemia (Wasson 2004, p . 4). Nursing interventions aimed at preventing TURP syndrome include careful assessment of its symptoms which include; bradycardia, confusion, full bonding pulses, dramatic increase in blood pressure, tachypnea, and temporary blindness. Discharge teaching is important in making certain that TURP is efficient in resolving the patients condition. The patient should be advised to keep a log of voiding and record the volume of urine, its characteristics, and the frequency. Strenuous activities such as climbing stairs should be avoided during the first few weeks after discharge. The patient should also be encouraged to rest regularly for approximately two to six weeks; this promotes healing of the surgical site. Activity restrictions that enables healing also includes, avoidance of lifting items weighing over five pounds, avoidance of excessive physical exertion, and long walks. Conclusion The patient should be taught by the nurse to notify the physician, if bleeding occurs and does not stop within one hour of therapy. A high fiber diet is encouraged during discharge teaching making sure to emphasize that his helps prevent constipation. Also thorough perineal hygiene should be stressed and the patient should be taught that it reduces the risk for infection. Patients should be advised to take antibiotics and any other medication as prescribed by the physician. Teaching kegal exercises is another important nursing intervention as it strengthens the pelvic floor muscles. After the intervention, the nurse will do an evaluation in order to find out if the goal has been achieved and to see if the patient is progressing as planned. The nurse should reassess the patient to ensure that he or she did not experience TURP syndrome, hemorrhage and any other complications previously mentioned. The effectiveness of the patient teaching should be reassessed, the more knowledgeable the patient is about steps to be taken, the greater the probability that the patient will comply. This may help the patient in taking proper care of themselves after discharge and also prevent complications. Therefore, nursing intervention always help the patient to get positive outcomes. (Wasson 2003, p. 12) As with the fore mentioned proverb, having the need or feeling of urinating, or even the ability to go to the bathroom and successfully relieve the pressure created by a full bladder is a gift. A gift that when gone or almost gone as with oliguria or anuria, and then regained with TURP one would realize it value, and develop a brand new appreciation for the process

Mothers :: essays research papers

Mothers make better parents then fathers Ladies and gentlemen the subject under discussion today is that mothers make better parents then fathers. I firmly counter the motion. Honorable judges I would like to point out that my identity is by my father and even this gentlemen sitting here has his last name after his father’s. for that matter nobody here is recognized by their mother;s name. It is our fathers who become a source of distinction for us in this world. It is only after their name is added to ours that we can make a footing in society. This notion even becomes more important in male dominated societies like India, Pakistan and China etc. the father’s name also acts as a shield for girls in particular who are given no respect otherwise in such societies. Furthermore, what does a child need to grow up? , food , clothing, shelter, education and protection. Therefore the parent who is able to provide these bare necessities will be considered as the better parent. In most of the families the father is the one who works and provides a source of income for the family. indeed the mother’s emotional involvment with the child is imperative in his upbringing , but we need to be REALISTIC HERE. For we know that love can not provide a meal twice a day. sharing secrets will by no means provide a substitute for what can be learnt at school. yes care is important but if there is no house to take care off then how will the mother keep her children cosy in the winters. Thus the father once again comes in the picture as the hero. Moreover, I being a boy myself feel that they are certain matters that I cannot handle without my father. For example with issues relating to puberty, we can discuss things openly without any hesitation. also my mother will have no interst in flying kites with me or playing cricket. It is my father whom I can count on for such activities. If I have a fight with someone I know my father with his strong muscular body can come to my rescue. Inaddition to this The command of the father makes a stronger impact on the child as compared to that of the mother. They are mentally stronger unlike mothers who are likely to yield to emotional pressure and this may result in them agreeing to demands of the child that should not be fulfilled under normal circumstances.

Johannes Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press Essay

Johannes Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press Between the 13th and 16th centuries we can see the rise of a print-dominated society; a society which moved away from the Church's monopoly of information that existed until that time. There were many social, economic and political changes. It was not because of the printing press that those changes were brought about, but perhaps they could have not happened so fast without the print. Johann Gutenberg managed to bring together technologies known for centuries before him, adding the idea for movable metal type. This led to the mass production of books, being them more available to the general public. The invention of the printing press helped ideas spread quickly making things easier for the reform of the Church and the development of modern sciences. INDEX Introduction ...................................................................... 5 The life of Johannes Gutenberg .............................................. 7 The development of print technology .................................... 8 The invention .................................................................... 9 The printing press and the Church .................................................... 11 Gutenberg's Bible ............................................................. 12 The print and the developing of culture.................................. 13 Final comment ................................................................. 16 Bibliography .................................................................... 17 Introduction "Renaissance" means "rebirth" in French and stands for the cultural, intellectual and economic changes that occu... ...14. (Frank Granger, Gutenberg--The Most Important Man of the Millennium <a href="http://teched.edtl.vt.edu/gcc/HTML/PrintingsPast/GutenbergBible.html">http://teched.edtl.vt.edu/gcc/HTML/PrintingsPast/GutenbergBible.html</a>), downloaded in September 2014. <a href="http://www.gutenbergdigital.de/,">http://www.gutenbergdigital.de/,</a> downloaded in September 2014. http:/www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/story039, downloaded in September 2014. http:/www.inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blJohannesGutenberg, downloaded in September 2014. http:/www.historyguide.org/intellect/press, downloaded in September 2014. <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568362730/ref%3Ded%5Foe%5Fh/102-5739894-2995348,">http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568362730/ref%3Ded%5Foe%5Fh/102-5739894-2995348,</a> downloaded in October 2014.

Hester Prynne

Hester Prynne signifies a women of grace and wild spirit. Strong-willed and beautiful, Hester Prynne has also defied the Puritans ways. Though she is ladylike and prideful, she is faced with the trouble of being a sinner. The innocence of any human can be taken away in a flash, and in the case of Hester Prynne, her innocence escapes her after she commits a horrific sin. Hester is immediately isolated in her town because she commits an act of adultery, resulting in a Scarlet Letter forever engraved on her bosom, serving as a constant reminder of the mistakes in her past.In many ways throughout The Scarlet Letter, Hester overcomes her sin and redeems herself to her town, revealing her inner power and strength. Even though Hester’s situation leaves forces her to be an outcast in the town, she still confines strength and discards the label of being an â€Å"Adulteress† by showing stability. Hester Prynne is the main symbol of isolation and alienation throughout The Scarlet Letter.Nathaniel Hawthorne emphasizes her isolation by writing that she is â€Å" Alone in the world, cast off by it, and with this sole treasure to keep her heart alive, she felt that she possessed the indefeasible rights against the world† (Hawthorne 100) because of her sin. As a symbol of evil and darkness, Hester is viewed by her strict Puritan town as an outsider. After Hester’s crime of adultery was known to all, Hester's reputation and appearance of what people viewed her as is completely changed and her goodness started going unnoticed.The town's harsh thoughts of her sin are revealed through a local woman as she testifies that â€Å"†¦ At the very least, they should have put the brand of hot iron on Hester Prynne's forehead† (Hawthorne 36). Hester never escapes the feelings of being alienated in the progression of her life. Her â€Å"ornament,–the scarlet letter,–which was her doom to wear† (Hawthorne 79) was shown throughout t own, sequestering her from everyone else. Hester knows that even if she was allowed to take off the letter, â€Å"It is too deeply branded† (Hawthorne 63) and always be imprinted in her heart.This makes Hester disconnected from her holy society and forces her to become a â€Å"black flower† (Hawthorne 45). Though Hester is isolated, she is still able to find strength in herself. Hester Prynne is very unique and different from the other women in her town because of her â€Å"richness of complexion† (Hawthorne 50). A lot of her strength is revealed in the beginning of The Scarlet Letter. One of these very early examples of her strength is when Hester is put in front of the town on a scaffold.Instead of Hester shaming away from her sin when she is put in front of her town, she â€Å"appeared more lady-like†(Hawthorne 50) and confident in herself. Even when Hester has been publicly humiliated and is forced to continue wearing The Scarlet Letter on her chest, she does not try to hide her sin. As she stood there with â€Å"a certain state and dignity† (Hawthorne 50) in front of the judgemental Puritans, she overcomes fear and confines her strength. Not only does she show her toughness by not concealing her sin, but she also begins to change people’s negative opinions about her.Hester shows her goodness in the community by helping the poor and making clothes. Hester’s new attitudes allow the people to begin to interpret Hester’s Scarlet Letter differently because of her kindness. Instead of being known as the unacceptable adulterer, â€Å"they said that it meant â€Å"Able†; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman’s strength† (Hawthorne 158). This shows that Hester puts her determination above all and is able to step out of her isolation by giving back to her community. These actions enable her to fit in again as a normal citizen and redeem herself as the woman she knows she can be.All in all, it is difficult for many people to look past their own unfortunate situations and the actions for which they hold remorse. However, unlike many others, Hester is eventually able to just that. Hester experiences a great deal of suffering due to her past sin of adultery, but despite that she is still able to overcome that through her dignity and strong-will. Hester proves that The Scarlet Letter was not needed to be taken off in order for Hester to change. She also disregards multiple offerings to remove the devil’s mark from her bosom, and responds by saying that â€Å"It is too deeply branded.Ye cannot take it off. With that I might endure his agony, as well as mine† (Hawthorne 63). She clearly accepted her sin and stayed strong not only herself but for Pearl and the other around her to come full circle by the end of the novel. The Scarlet Letter provides great challenges for Hester, but she does not let the struggles get to her. By staying a strong and determined woman, Hester changes her entire life for the better and comes around to redeem herself in her small Puritan town.

Explain Externalities and Public Gods

With the aid of examples explain the terms: i) Externality ii) Public Good Externality Externalities, or transaction  spillovers, arise when a third party who is not involved in the consumption of a product incur certain costs and benefits that are not compensated for by the generators of those externalities. They exist due to the price system’s (The Invisible Hand) inability to deal with products that have no market or price, such as clean air, peace, quiet, pollution and more. In a broader sense, externalities involve interdependence of utility due to the fact that one person’s action will affect the welfare of another.Externalities can be classified into two types: positive externalities and negative externalities. Positive externalities exist when an externality-generating activity raises the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities. These economic activities provide incidental benefits to others for whom they aren’t specifical ly intended. Negative externalities exist when an externality-generating activity decreases the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities.These economic activities impose a cost onto others for whom they aren’t specifically intended. The undesirable effects on the allocation of resources by an externality can be explained by using the concept of Marginal Social Cost (MSC). In Economics, the MSC is defined as the sum of Marginal Private Cost (MPC), the marginal cost caused by an activity that is compensated for by the generators, and Marginal External Cost, which is the share of external effects borne by the rest. When a firm’s activities generate negative externalities, its MSC is greater than its MPC.In equilibrium, the Marginal Private Benefit (MPB) will be equal to the firm’s MPC, and hence the MPB < MSC. Hence, the final output for the consumer yields less to the society than what it costs to society. Thus, it can be deduced that production is inefficient and that these externalities can be reduced if the production of that particular product is reduced. For example, the construction of roads to facilitate the transport of goods for a factory that produces staplers will benefit residents in that area because they now have greater road accessibility.This is said to be the positive externality arising from this economic activity. On the flip side, this same factory that instigated the construction of roads may discharge a toxic amount of by-products such as soot and toxins into the air and rivers, hence greatly reducing the quality of air and water in that area. This is because factory owners wish to maximize profits and hence will only take into account their MPC and ignore the wider social costs of their activities – MSC will be greater than MPC.In conclusion, it can be said that when positive externalities exist, the MSB > MPB, and when negative externalities exist, the MSC > MPC. Public Good In eco nomic theory, a good is a tangible or intangible item that gives utility to people when consumed. Goods can be classified into free and economic goods. The former entails no opportunity cost to the consumer, meaning that no one is made worse off by the consumption of a free good. Examples are desert sand, air and seawater. An economic good, on the other hand, entails an opportunity cost.This is because some other good has to be forgone in order to produce an economic good. The root of this opportunity cost is scarcity – a situation in which unlimited human wants exceed the lack of resources that we have in order to meet that demand. Economic goods can then be further subdivided into two: public and private goods. Public goods are collectively consumed and the market may simply not supply them. Examples of public goods are such as defense of the country (a police force and army), a fire brigade, street lighting, or lighthouses. The market system does not work well in this area .One of the jobs of government, both central and local, is to supply public goods or services that are needed but otherwise would not be made available by the market. Some goods are â€Å"semi-public goods†, â€Å"quasi public goods† or â€Å"collective consumption goods†, for instance roads. These are often supplied by the state, but in principle they can be privately supplied, and sometimes are. Examples include the British Toll Roads in the Nineteenth Century or the peage motorways in France today; when you use them, you pay. In some countries, such as Thailand, the fire brigade falls in this area.People insure with a private fire brigade and call them when the house is burning. If you are not insured and you still call them, the market swings into action and they negotiate a rate on the spot for putting out the fire – given the urgency of the event, the demand by the burning house owner is highly inelastic and the price can be very high. There are two key characteristics of a public good. Firstly, public goods are non-excludable, meaning that the producer is unable to separate the non-paying consumers from the paying consumers that are benefitting from the good.As a result, the payer will eventually refuse to pay for the good too. Consequently, markets will refuse to produce public goods and this will result in a market failure. For example, if an entrepreneur stages a fireworks show, people can watch the show from their windows or backyards. Because the entrepreneur cannot charge a fee for consumption, the fireworks show may go unproduced, even if demand for the show is strong. To illustrate the public good’s inability to exclude, here’s an example: In the provision of national defense, if one citizen of defended, so are the rest of the citizens. Secondly, public goods are non-exhaustible.This means that the use of the good by one person does not reduce the amount available to others. Hence, rivalry does not exist in the consumption of this product and another consumer will incur no opportunity cost. For example, the exchange of  MP3  music files on the Internet. The use of these files by any one person does not restrict the use by anyone else and there is little effective control over the exchange of these music files and photo files. In a nutshell, public goods are economic goods that are non-excludable and non-exhaustible, and can be subdivided into public goods and â€Å"semi† public goods. Explain Externalities and Public Gods With the aid of examples explain the terms: i) Externality ii) Public Good Externality Externalities, or transaction  spillovers, arise when a third party who is not involved in the consumption of a product incur certain costs and benefits that are not compensated for by the generators of those externalities. They exist due to the price system’s (The Invisible Hand) inability to deal with products that have no market or price, such as clean air, peace, quiet, pollution and more. In a broader sense, externalities involve interdependence of utility due to the fact that one person’s action will affect the welfare of another.Externalities can be classified into two types: positive externalities and negative externalities. Positive externalities exist when an externality-generating activity raises the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities. These economic activities provide incidental benefits to others for whom they aren’t specifical ly intended. Negative externalities exist when an externality-generating activity decreases the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities.These economic activities impose a cost onto others for whom they aren’t specifically intended. The undesirable effects on the allocation of resources by an externality can be explained by using the concept of Marginal Social Cost (MSC). In Economics, the MSC is defined as the sum of Marginal Private Cost (MPC), the marginal cost caused by an activity that is compensated for by the generators, and Marginal External Cost, which is the share of external effects borne by the rest. When a firm’s activities generate negative externalities, its MSC is greater than its MPC.In equilibrium, the Marginal Private Benefit (MPB) will be equal to the firm’s MPC, and hence the MPB < MSC. Hence, the final output for the consumer yields less to the society than what it costs to society. Thus, it can be deduced that production is inefficient and that these externalities can be reduced if the production of that particular product is reduced. For example, the construction of roads to facilitate the transport of goods for a factory that produces staplers will benefit residents in that area because they now have greater road accessibility.This is said to be the positive externality arising from this economic activity. On the flip side, this same factory that instigated the construction of roads may discharge a toxic amount of by-products such as soot and toxins into the air and rivers, hence greatly reducing the quality of air and water in that area. This is because factory owners wish to maximize profits and hence will only take into account their MPC and ignore the wider social costs of their activities – MSC will be greater than MPC.In conclusion, it can be said that when positive externalities exist, the MSB > MPB, and when negative externalities exist, the MSC > MPC. Public Good In eco nomic theory, a good is a tangible or intangible item that gives utility to people when consumed. Goods can be classified into free and economic goods. The former entails no opportunity cost to the consumer, meaning that no one is made worse off by the consumption of a free good. Examples are desert sand, air and seawater. An economic good, on the other hand, entails an opportunity cost.This is because some other good has to be forgone in order to produce an economic good. The root of this opportunity cost is scarcity – a situation in which unlimited human wants exceed the lack of resources that we have in order to meet that demand. Economic goods can then be further subdivided into two: public and private goods. Public goods are collectively consumed and the market may simply not supply them. Examples of public goods are such as defense of the country (a police force and army), a fire brigade, street lighting, or lighthouses. The market system does not work well in this area .One of the jobs of government, both central and local, is to supply public goods or services that are needed but otherwise would not be made available by the market. Some goods are â€Å"semi-public goods†, â€Å"quasi public goods† or â€Å"collective consumption goods†, for instance roads. These are often supplied by the state, but in principle they can be privately supplied, and sometimes are. Examples include the British Toll Roads in the Nineteenth Century or the peage motorways in France today; when you use them, you pay. In some countries, such as Thailand, the fire brigade falls in this area.People insure with a private fire brigade and call them when the house is burning. If you are not insured and you still call them, the market swings into action and they negotiate a rate on the spot for putting out the fire – given the urgency of the event, the demand by the burning house owner is highly inelastic and the price can be very high. There are two key characteristics of a public good. Firstly, public goods are non-excludable, meaning that the producer is unable to separate the non-paying consumers from the paying consumers that are benefitting from the good.As a result, the payer will eventually refuse to pay for the good too. Consequently, markets will refuse to produce public goods and this will result in a market failure. For example, if an entrepreneur stages a fireworks show, people can watch the show from their windows or backyards. Because the entrepreneur cannot charge a fee for consumption, the fireworks show may go unproduced, even if demand for the show is strong. To illustrate the public good’s inability to exclude, here’s an example: In the provision of national defense, if one citizen of defended, so are the rest of the citizens. Secondly, public goods are non-exhaustible.This means that the use of the good by one person does not reduce the amount available to others. Hence, rivalry does not exist in the consumption of this product and another consumer will incur no opportunity cost. For example, the exchange of  MP3  music files on the Internet. The use of these files by any one person does not restrict the use by anyone else and there is little effective control over the exchange of these music files and photo files. In a nutshell, public goods are economic goods that are non-excludable and non-exhaustible, and can be subdivided into public goods and â€Å"semi† public goods.