Eczema Essay

The city grew very fast, and over the next ten years the population of West Tennessee expanded from 2500 to 100,000. The majority of families at the time took to farming, and with the help of the fertile land, Memphis soon became the center for growing and trading cotton in the Southeast. Indeed, cotton became king in Memphis, bringing in black men and women to work forced labor on plantations. According to the census of 1820, 20% of the populations of Memphis were slaves, and that number is said to have risen throughout the 19th century. Racial tension in Memphis began with its first and second mayor. Marcus B. Winchester was the irst mayor of Memphis and is said to have committed political suicide when he married a woman who was a quarter black. The second mayor of Memphis, Isaac Rawlings, had a common-law marriage with black woman, having multiple children with her. These encounters were socially unacceptable and looked down upon by white plantation owners, even though the majority of whites in Memphis at the time favored the gradual emancipation of slaves. As the civil war approached, the black population grew as more black slaves were brought to Memphis to work the cotton fields. During the Civil War, Memphis sided with the Confederates, but it was uickly captured by the Union who strategically wanted the town as the sight of a naval yard. The Union also made Memphis a freedman’s colony, and many neighboring black slaves came to Memphis once they were emancipated to partake in education and paid labor. Memphis fell so easily to the Union that most of its infrastructure remained in place. For a brief moment, Memphis became a city of opportunity to black Americans and a place where black communities thrived. Yet as white Memphians saw themselves competing with former slaves, tensions ran high on many of their newly arrived black neighbors in a riot that left forty-six dead, nearly wice that many injured, five women raped, approximately 100 blacks robbed, and ninety-one homes, four churches, and all twelve black schools destroyed. â€Å"[l] The riots did not stop until martial law was declared and troops from Nashville arrived in Memphis to force peace. For a good many years, the black community suffered and struggled to regain prominence, most of them being too poor to move away for new opportunities. With all the schools destroyed, the educational opportunities vanished and the ability of black to become literate and contribute to society became almost impossible. Yet this would not be the only disaster in Memphis. In the 1870s, a series of yellow fever epidemics plagued the city. In 1878, the worst of the yellow fever epidemics hit, and 25,000 people fled. 17,000 contracted the fever and over 5,000 died in the summer of 1878. Of the population that would remain in Memphis, 70% of those would be blacks who were too poor flee. The city of Memphis, which was already in debt, lost much of its tax base and went bankrupt. At the end of the 1800s and the early 1900s, Memphis would turn around again economically, yet many of the areas social problems would remain. Memphis fared reasonably well in addressing the problems of its white community, but the citys black citizens were shunted aside, their civil rights and their human dignity subordinated to a cult of white supremacy. â€Å"[2] Around this time, railroads connected Memphis to the Atlantic Ocean, allowing it to become one of the largest manufacturers and shippers of hardwood in the United States.

Multiple Sclerosis and Living Life

|Multiple Sclerosis and Living Life. | |[Type the document subtitle] | | | |Multiple sclerosis can be debilitating, however there are things that can be done to | |limit the amount of attacks a person may have. | | |Le’Sha Hairston | |10/10/2012 | | | Multiple Sclerosis and Living Life Le’Sha Hairston University Composition and Communication ll COM/156 Trista McCombs Multiple sclerosis and Living Life As a person with the disease! Knowing the effects first hand, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease.With MS, the body's white blood cells attack tissues called myelin. Changes to your diet and life style can help slow down the effects of multiple sclerosis. Some days will be better than others, but a normal life can be lived with the disease. June 24, 2004 eight years ago I was diagnosed with â€Å"Multiple Sclerosis†. A quote from talk show host, author, actor, and philanthropist â€Å"Montel Williams†, when the neurologist said those words- †Å"you have (MS)† it hit me like a ton of bricks. â€Å"I thought I was diagnosed with a death sentence†. As a person with the disease! Knowing the effects first hand, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease.With MS, the body's white blood cells attack tissues called myelin. Changes to your diet and life style can help slow down the effects of multiple sclerosis. Some days will be better than others, but a normal life can be lived with the disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that can be potentially debilitating to a person. Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which one’s immune system begins to attack the body. The white blood cells will attack a tissue in the body called the ‘Myelin’, which is the protective sheath covering of all nerve’s in the human body.By the Myelin being eating away this can and most likely will result in permanent damage to the nerve’s even deterioration, being that there is no reversible p rocess for (MS). There are many different symptoms for a person with Multiple sclerosis; it all depends on the damage and what particular nerves are affected. There is no cure for (MS), and the only way to determine is one has Multiple Sclerosis, is to rule out other diseases. Meaning using the process of elimination to determines one’s status. A person with a severe case of the disease will encounter many problems.Some of these problems are not having the ability to walk, talk, or any mobility at all. Even though there is no cure for the disease, there are strategies to treat an attack such as â€Å"anti-inflammatory medications†. Some of these medications are â€Å"Corticosteroids and Beta interferons†. Corticosteroids consist of different medications that decrease inflammation and help to reduce the symptoms and signs of inflammation. They also â€Å"suppress your immune system, which helps control the conditions in which your body’s immune system mis takenly attacks its own tissues† (http://www. mayoclinic. om/health/steroids/HQ01431), in thus case Multiple Sclerosis. Corticosteroids can be taken in many different ways such as: One can take corticosteroids by: †¢ By mouth. Tablets, capsules or syrups help treat the inflammation and pain associated with certain chronic conditions, such as arthritis and lupus. †¢ By inhaler and intranasal spray. These forms help control inflammation associated with asthma and nasal allergies. †¢ Topically. Creams, ointments and roll-ons can help heal many skin conditions. †¢ By injection. This form is used to treat such signs and symptoms as the pain and inflammation of tendinitis.While the six FDA-approved disease-modifying medications that treat multiple sclerosis are often successful in slowing the progression of (MS), like all drugs, they can also produce some side effects. The side effects of (MS) medications can range from mild (flulike symptoms or irritation at an injection site) to more serious (chest pain, an increased risk of heart toxicity, or even acute myelogenous leukemia, a kind of bone marrow cancer. So when taken any medication it should be consulted with your doctor on the best medication for any person to take while dealing with multiple sclerosis.Discussing all side effects will help the doctor know how tolerable you are to the medication. Any bruising, redness, swelling, itching, etc should be reported immediately. All the interferon’s such as Rebif, Avonex, and Betaferon can cause flulike response after an injection. This is managed by gradually starting with smaller does, then working up to full dose. Physical therapy is also another way to treat (MS) attacks, and modify the course of the disease as well as using muscle relaxants. Physical therapies that can be conducted are too help deal with the issues brought on by Multiple Sclerosis such as: Fatigue †¢ Pain †¢ Balance problems †¢ Coordination problems †¢ Weakness †¢ Immobility Physical therapy will help teach new movement techniques also. A healthy diet is something that should also be maintained when someone has Multiple Sclerosis. A person with a chronic illness should consume adequate calories including protein. This will help the body provide energy, heal any wounds and fight off any infections. A person with Multiple Sclerosis should maintain their weight, eat foods low in fat and cholesterol, and limit their sugar intake.Salt is something that should be moderate in a (MS) patient’s diet, along with drinking 8-8ounce glasses of water per day to maintain a good urinary track. Anyone with an illness should get plenty of rest, thus keeping the energy up. Anyone with Multiple Sclerosis can have a very fulfilling life. (MS) doesn’t have to determine the amount of fun you have. Yes it can become hard with all the medications and daily stipulations but it’s worth it to maintain life. I know someone w ho has had the disease since the age 19 years old. They woke up and couldn’t see anything, just flashing lights and a splitting headache.Rushed to the hospital and they couldn’t begin to explain the amount of testing that was done on them to gain a diagnosis. They had to make numerous changes in their life if they wanted t continue to be normal. These changes included not smoking (cigarettes), no alcohol, fatty foods, getting more rest, working less, being on many medications etc: an the list goes on. However, for the sake of their children and their family they were able to pull through. As they explained to me there are days that are great from them than there are days that is extremely hard. But it’s better than not being around at all as they said.There are days when their depression will set in and giving up is the only thing they want to do, doing so would be the easy way out. Fighting it to the end is the decision they made; having a wonderful support sys tem that keeping them motivated to live. Great children and a wonderful husband couldn’t ask for anything more. There’s nothing they can’t do everything is regular with some limitations. Multiple sclerosis is a potentially debilitating disease. However as long as you take your medications, exercise, and maintain a well balanced diet you can live a happy and normal life. It will also limit the amount of attacks a person will have.It doesn’t have to over take your life. Staying positive and having a great support system are strategies to help a person keep the faith and make it through. As a person with the disease! Knowing the effects first hand, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. With MS, the body's white blood cells attack tissues called myelin. Changes to your diet and life style can help slow down the effects of multiple sclerosis. Some days will be better than others, but a normal life can be lived with the disease. References: www. cnn. com www. mslifelines. com www. montelwilliams. com www. apolllolibrary. com www. everydayhealth. com

Breaking Up Essays (256 words) - Deep As The Sea, Consquence

Breaking Up She cried, cried on my shoulder and asked me for a chance, a chance to be with her again. But her simple request was finally refused. Before seeing her tears, I couldn't know how deeply she loved me. If her tears and her love to me is postively related, she loved me as a mother loves her only son. But why did she treat me as her friend, her helper, her listener, just sometimes her boyfriend? he saying that we never care the things we now enjoy is true. When I loved her as deep as the sea is, she didn't care me much. Now when I am tired to her, she asked me for a chance to care me as much as she had never done. But it is too late. romises are nice, but hardly kept, and they should not be easily made, or disappointments are expected. Her tears made me feel sorry and guilty, but nothing more than that. She wanted me to love her as I did before by her tears, but she failed. t is fated that I and she should be friends only. But we didn't believe this fate, and now we have been tasting the consquence we should have, which left us unrecoverable wounds on my heart and hers. At this moment I don't ask my lord for anything, except a quick recovery for her. lthough her tears were out of her eyes one by one, dropping on my right shoulder, my decision was not melted.

Li-ion battery multi-stage charger with power factor correction for Essay

Li-ion battery multi-stage charger with power factor correction for mobile phone - Essay Example ase of implementing the circuit into hardware would be reduced; thus, enabling the introduction of a multiprocessor to control the battery’s charging process (Liu, 2013.p.108-112). By adopting this multi-stage charger, it would be largely expected that appropriate rectifications would be made to the current designs of Li-ion batteries in a manner that would enable users attain total satisfaction from their use. The proposed multi-stage charger would use a diode in the smoothening of the transition between two high-gain linear feedback loops. This would enable it to control the single power device; hence, enable automatic charging of the battery under constant current and voltage (Andreini & Murari, 2002.p.335-341). The main components that would be required for the enhancement of this project for a single isolated configuration of the system would include micro-controllers, temperature regulators and sensors, lead acid and LCD batteries, resistors, ADC and an op amps integrator for the circuits. However, to be able to achieve the goals or this project as far as the acquisition of the gadgets or above noted items and the project’s cost, an approximate total amount of $200 would be required to cater for the budgetary allocations on the same. I hope that this project and related concepts will be concluded by the close of this present semester. In the contemporary world of these days where the use of electronic gadgets is at a higher rate, the main concern of consumers is on the durability of the battery cells that they apply to their devices whether mobile phones, laptops, iPods, among many other such devices. For a long time, the manufacturers of such gadgets have engaged the use of Lithium-ion batteries in the provision of a much needed energy to power the devices. The main concern for the choice of usage for the Li-ion batteries is the accuracy, compactness and power efficiency of the battery’s charger circuits. In order to build up a power factor

ECONOMIC OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ECONOMIC OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 4 Limits To Growth 4 Mathematical Analysis 5 Role And Impact Of Technical Advancements 7 The Quality Of Life 7 Challenges 7 Transition To A Sustainable Economy 8 Conclusion 8 References 10 1. Introduction Barack Obama (27 March 2008) said, â€Å"I think all of us here today would acknowledge that we’ve lost that sense of shared prosperity†. With the escalating gap between the economy of nations and amongst the individuals of same nation, prosperity is declining. The definition of prosperity needs to be revisited considering the world’s limitation of resources. According to Jackson (2009), global economy is constrained by finite ecological limits. The flourishing of human society in context of ecological limits is not only an alternate vision but also a necessity. This is a finite world with limited resources. To add to this, the population is expected to rise to 9 billion [1] and even more within a span of just three decades. Having a vision of prosperity for such a scenario is the need of the hour. Jackson (2009) has scrutinized the assumption that whether growth is essential for prosperity or not. Herman Daly (2008) and others have continuously tried to put forward the notion of steady-state economy. Jackson’s Prosperity Without Growth (2009) has been a vital attempt on the same notion and following it there are considerable â€Å"De-growth† European movements (Latouche, 2007) and surfacing of organisations like CASSE (2010). These actions and notions are all in favour of removing the growth element from the current implications of the economy. The arguments against this idea constitutes primarily of the reforms of the consumer-capitalist society. However as per Trainer (2010), the consumer capitalist society cannot be fixed or reformed. Rather, it needs to be scrapped and then remade along different lines. 2. Limits to Growth There are some huge issues down the line and these include the compl ete consumption of the environment, resource depletion, war, conflicts and lessening of social bonding. The key cause behind this would be overconsumption. Fotopoulos (2007) comments on the â€Å"de-growth initiative† and states that people are currently trying to live at standards of affluence which are too high for all to share. This is leading to an unstable society and considering the environmental factors, the adversity of results can be well analysed. Considering the following two examples, it is clear that the there needs to be a limit set to the growth factor or else, there would be no prosperity at all. Example 1: As per World Wildlife Fund (2009), it takes around 8 hectares of potent land to supply water, food and settlement area for one individual in Australia. After three decades, considering the number of 9 billion, 72 billion hectares of potent land would be required. This is approximately 10 times of the land which would be available at that time. Example 2: Th e Green House issue is well addressed by Hansen (2008) and Meinschausen et al (2009). In order to discontinue carbon content present in the atmosphere, the CO2 eliminations would be required to be completely eliminated by possibly 2030. Such examples clearly explain that the rich people’s living standards would no longer be sustainable in the coming future. People are living in way which makes it completely impossible to share resources by all. 3. Mathematical

Business plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business plan - Assignment Example This has been in practice by people regardless of their age ranging from their childhood which poses as great dange (Henry, 2013)r. Also from the time of industrialization in this world whereby machines replaced work done by human especially the practical and manual work, many people have engaged in business or work practices which they engage passively. Most people work in offices and spend all of their day sited. This makes their bodies to be more relaxed which is a great danger. Due to the above practices which have been caused by emanating factors in the environment such as technological developments in food and in how work is carried out, diseases have come into being which have killed and continue to kill people all over (Pinson, 2004). An example of a lifestyle disease is cancer which results from eating unhealthy food which comprises mostly of junk food and on the other hand not practicing at all. As per the above aspects of life, it is thus worth to come up with a fitness center which will tend to assist people to maintain a good living characterized with good health through training and proper dieting. This is a spelled out in the fitness centers vision, mission and the strategy of the organization (Bisoux, 2002). Good health fitness center is an entity whose main goal will be to create a fit and healthy society. Good training and proper dieting will be our main objective which we intend to teach the society in order to make the world a better place. Our agenda is to eliminate lifestyle diseases in the future through our committed staff of well-trained fitness guides who will be of help to the society through their advice on how to train and live well. Our goal is also to create branches throughout the nation In order to ease access of training facilities and services. Our vision is to be the best in weight management, group fitness, cardio and martial arts. Our mission is to be the best firm in

Manager should be considered a stakeholder Essay

Manager should be considered a stakeholder - Essay Example Thus, in 1984 Freeman offered a stakeholder theory, claiming that an organization can maximize its value only through common benefits of all the relevant persons and groups. Not only stockholders should complete control over a firm, while investors, employees and suppliers also take part and risks in creation of the business’s success. Stakeholder theory is based on doctrine of Fair Contracts, Feminist Standpoint Theory, and ecological principles. R. Edward Freeman shares his observations concerning business ethics, pointing out to the facts that: â€Å"organizations without a history of mutually accepted shared values tend to come apart during stress†, while â€Å"people in touch with core values can deal with change, ambiguity, stress, and tough times†. He also suggests that â€Å"people tend to avoid the ambiguous yet that is what tends to be the most rewarding† and that â€Å"individuals need organizational support to act morally† (Freeman 1984) . Freeman, Wicks, Parmar (2004) state that capitalism should be understood as â€Å"creating value for stakeholders† (p.366). At that â€Å"the goal of creating value for stakeholders is decidedly pro-shareholders†, while a manager creates shareholder value through creating qualitative products and services for customers, offering excellent jobs for employees, building favorable relationships with suppliers and competitors, and being a good citizen in the community. Finally, under such conditions an organization is not likely to have problems with governments. Creating stakeholder value managers are able to assume potential entrepreneurial risks. First of all, considering all the possible interests and stakeholders you avoid potential conflicts. Further, it is possible to cooperate with suppliers and customers to jointly test new products and services. Working in the name of increased profitability for the shareholders

Who am i as a learner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Who am i as a learner - Essay Example Section A of the report describes the different learning styles I possess along with the implications of learning. Furthermore, it also illuminates my transferrable skills and lifelong learning experiences. According to Winstanley (2005), learning can occur at any time whether willingly or unintentionally. People often consider learning as an attainment of new knowledge and abilities, but it is much beyond that. Apart from knowledge and abilities, learning can help to gain new understandings and insights, new viewpoints, new methods of thinking and new ways of acting among others. It is an active procedure which helps to develop skills and to apply new knowledge into action (Winstanley, 2005). Romanelli, Bird & Ryan (2009) stated that learning can be attained in different ways. The learning style acts as an indicator of how people observe, cooperate and respond to specific learning environments. Learning style or preferences are regarded as one of the major factors of success in academic as well as professional life (Romanelli, Bird & Ryan, 2009). In this context, it can be stated that there are several methods which help to identify the personal learning preferences. In order to understand my position as a learner I have applied Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) which is based on Jung’s typology test. This test is developed on the basis of four activities of human consciousness which are feeling, thinking, intuition and sensation. Jung had stated that every person possesses the above four aspects to a certain extent. However, differences can be observed in terms of strengths involved in different individuals with respect to the above aspects. Jung had stated about sixteen different personality typologies which are further classified into four preferences namely: The outcome of Myers-Briggs Test (see appendix 1) provided significant understanding regarding my personality types. By undertaking Jung’s typology

Economic Report on Housing Sector in Scotland Essay

Economic Report on Housing Sector in Scotland - Essay Example This paper is divided into three parts. Part A will present an analysis of the Scottish housing market for the first decade of the new millennium (2000-2010). It will look at the major factors affecting demand, supply, and price of housing units. In the process of analysis, it will also seek to determine whether the housing sector in Scotland is volatile or not and what are the reasons for this. Part B will go on to review specifics regarding the reasons for the ups and downs in the housing sector. Part C will differentiate between factors that are indigenous to Scotland and factors that may affect the whole of the UK housing sector. It will then end with recommendations to be implemented that when done, will hopefully reduce the volatility of the housing market in the UK in general and in Scotland in particular.  Ã‚  Available data shows that the average number of new housing units established per year in Scotland since the 1980s was 20,000 units; these have however peaked at 25,0 00 in 2007 and there has been a decline since then to around just 17,000 units in 2010. This decline was seen in the years 2009 and 2010. The average UK house price was  £163,244 at the end of 2010, with London being the most expensive region in the UK overall, and Edinburgh leading the price rise in Scotland.  Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire were areas that had recorded a housing demand growth of 4 percent over the year ending December 2010. These areas have benefitted from strong and stable economic opportunities.  

The Development of Second World Countries in the European Union Assignment

The Development of Second World Countries in the European Union - Assignment Example The development of the second world countries has directly affected the progress of the European Union in terms of economy and living standards. At the same time, regulations and changes within the internal market have been applied specifically because of the decision to unite Europe while understanding the complexities of the barriers created. This paper will examine the development of the second world countries in the past five to ten years, as well as how this has affected the economy of Europe in their progression. Development of Second World Countries in 5-10 Years Bulgaria and Romania are two of the main second world countries that have moved into rapid development and change since 2001. This is specific to the movement into the EU and the new dependencies that have pushed the political, social and economic agenda to a different level. The EU has been able to leverage Bulgaria and Romania through the criteria of uniting Europe and expanding the economic options that are a part of the world. However, it is also noted that domestic factors have created complexities in the ability for Bulgaria and Romania to progress. The lack of resources and opportunity has stopped the expansion that the EU has desired. The result is continuous progression and a push to move into a different status because of the external pressure. ... For instance, the establishment of the European Development of Bulgaria, or GERB, and the Coalition for Bulgaria, are trying to find new ways to help those in the community to move outside of the developing initiatives and into a developed country. The initiatives have led to reinforcements by policies for the community and to change the economy. New systems are being developed and business ventures are continuing to be supported within the region. This is followed by watch lists and initiatives used to change the social stance of those in the community, specifically with the idea of progression in mind. Taking out problems with trafficking, illicit drugs and other problems within the country are some of the areas which are continuing to be promoted and developed within the region (CIA, 2009). The same component of development is not only reaching Bulgaria and Romania, but is also moving into the second world country of Greece. The initiatives in the past decade are based specificall y on changing the sociology of individuals and moving into economic development within the region. The beginning of this has been new policies that have been revisited since 2001, beginning with the changes made to the Constitution in terms of policies for humanitarian acts. Fair employment, meeting the needs of citizens in the country and stimulating the economy by assisting businesses with generalized policies are the main initiatives taken. For example, unemployment protection legislation has been created to change the economic activities and to alter the amount of money coming into the region. The initiatives are leading to stronger work forces, more development in the region, and growth at an average of 1.4%

Demonstrative Communication Essay Example for Free

Demonstrative Communication Essay Provide examples showing how demonstrative communication can be effective and ineffective, positive and negative, for the sender and receiver.   Demonstrative Communication is the process of people’s thoughts and messages of communicating by actively listening in verbal and nonverbal communication. Depending on how a message is communicated, â€Å"can be effective and ineffective, either positive or negative† (Juancho24, 2012). Communication is used everywhere for instance all over the world. There are many forms of communication by applying communication process model for example; â€Å"sender/receiver, encoding, decoding, message, channel, and feedback† (Cheesbro, O’Connor, and Rios, 2010). Learning to develop communication skills can help individuals to carry appropriate conversations and to interpret the connection with one another. There are many ways to communicate verbal and nonverbal for example, a parent tells his child how proud he is to be his parent and then gives him a hug, the parent expresses verbal communication by using positive words and applies nonverbal communication with a hug, body language. Individuals express verbal communication through oral or written skills. Verbal communication is the tone of voice that indicates how engaged the topic is and the ability to realize the emotions perceived. A person’s tempo in a conversation can be understood with the ideas being communicated. When sending a message in verbal communication the words accustomed to, can convey differently then how the receiver defines the context. Nonverbal communication is unstoppable and significantly valuable as much as speaking with a loud tone of voice and communicating verbally. In nonverbal communication, â€Å"All types of communication do not involve the exchange of words,† is defined as nonverbal communication† (Rogers Steinfatt, 1999, p. 67). A facial expression is the most common skill used in nonverbal communication for example; a smile or frown, eye contact, body language, and gestures. Overall, nonverbal communication can be effective positively and can be negatively ineffective in two different points of views. First example, husbands and wives communicate with each other by observing each other’s body language. This is a positive way of communication by effectively knowing each others thoughts. Second example, Children know as soon as their parents turn to look at them, the meaning is to stop misbehaving and could mean they are in trouble. The second example used is both effective and ineffective. Third example, a smile or frown can interpret a person to be happy or angry. The person could also be interpreted as approachable or would rather be left alone. This is positively effective and negatively ineffective. Fourth example, an individual waving or a hand shake in America, can be interrupted as a friendly sign or a strong individual but can also be interrupted as insulting and rude in other countries. This example is both effective and ineffective with positive and negative communication. However, verbal communication consequently has similar negatively ineffective as positively effective. First example, the lack of listening leads to misconception and when listening carefully the outcome becomes essential to the receiver. Both examples are ineffective and effective. Second example, is the choice of vocabulary and taking into consideration who will be receiving the information. This is used by effectively positive. Third example, the lack of verbal speech and failing to interpret the proper speech causes misunderstanding. In another way the proper use of speech can help the receiver to understand what is being interpreted. Example is used by ineffective with negative outcome but if used correctly can be effective with positive outcomes. Explain how demonstrative communication involves listening and responding. Listening and responding is used in demonstrative communication to engage the active communication skill from sender to receiver. This process is very important to both sender and receiver, by actively listening and ready to respond. One example is a sender and receiver must be willing to communicate properly. â€Å"Accurate listening efficiency promotes retention of important information, resulting in fewer misunderstandings and on-the-job errors† (Wilson, n.d., p. 1). Once a sender is ready to send out a message it is important for the receiver to receive the correct information by evaluating the message sent, this way the receiver can respond back with feedback and a solution. Applying the steps in the communication process model, mentioned in the first paragraph of this essay will go hand in hand with the practice of listening and responding which will help by demonstrating communication through the steps being practice. An example of listening and responding with children is, â€Å"monkey see monkey do† (Uebergang, 2006, Dec.20). Listening and responding is a process to be learned as individuals who continues to repeat the process with a good attitude. Conclusion Communicating can never be avoided no matter how hard we try and cannot solve every issue. Demonstrative communicate is an ongoing process of how we interact within one another every day, in different settings of environment such as professional, at home, work, and community. Verbal and nonverbal communication is deceiving if misunderstood. Therefore, communicating can be a lifelong advancement. References Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the workplace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Juancho24 (2012, 02). Demonstrative Communication. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 02, 2012, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Demonstrative-Communication-914632.html Rogers, E. M., Steinfatt, T. M. (1999). Intercultural communication. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Uebergang, J. (2006, December 20). Teaching your child listening skills. Improving our â€Å"signals† and â€Å"beings.† Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://www.earthlingcommunication.com/blog/teachingyour-child-listening-skills.php Wilson, B. (n.d.). Practical benefits of better listening forleaders and teams. Retrieved April 6, 2007, from www.businesslistening.com/leadership_listening-skills.php

Professional Boundaries in Nursing

Professional Boundaries in Nursing The scope of work of Assistant Medical Officer is very clearly governed by the Board of Medical Assistants which was comes under the preview formed under Malaysian Medical Assistant Act (Act 180), AMO takes the oath of Medical Assistant Code of conduct which serves as an ethical guide map to morally binds steer AMO to its rules and responsibilities. It is therefore the responsibility and morale duty of every Assistant Medical Officer to uphold the medical ethics with professionalism and honor. At no other circumstances AMO are allowed to carry out other work outside the specified prescribed boundaries. However in reality AMO in my clinical set up does lots of duties actually falls under the scope of other professional such as doctor, psychology counselor and dietitian. While it feels good that as an AMO, we can perform many works normally done by other professions however it is not without possible legal implications. Boundaries are an imaginary line that separates the duties of a pa rticular professional from the others. Boundary is the ability to know where one ends and where another person begins. Professional boundaries are important because they define the limits and responsibilities of the professional with whom we interact in the workplace. When workplace boundaries are clearly defined, the organization can function more efficiently because redundant work assignments are eliminated.improve this rational it is because health professional have specilised skills and high quality pt care is a collaboration of skills the optimum benefit of the pt outcome. When everyone in an organization is made aware who is responsible for what, healthier workplace environments are created. Crossing borders No professionalism by AMO No collective power Criss crossing of professional boundaries is the norms of today s chores especially working in Haemodialysis Centre .AMO in Haemodialysis Centre especially in my state is working under a great stress. duress and precarious role. Currently, AMo provide care for 000 dialysis care pt over 19 centre through the state requiring close mentoring and care. In Haemodialysis lots of duties specify critical procedures e.g performed by AMO are not legally sanctioned covered under MA act. These porecedures are carried out on the instructions of Renal specialist who by hirechrichal position of power who acts like Kings control the strings where AMO forced to puppet without questions. Being in this precarious position, AMO professional are extremely vulnerable, as if everything goes well, we will get just get condescending a pat at the back, but when something goes wrong support strings are quickly cut and one get ostracized for breach of professional boundaries. Officers nowadays in Haemodilysis centres are not only to ensure that patients comes for three times dialysis treatment, patients gets adequate dialysis treatment but also to carry out mentorship, the staff as a mentor and the patients as the mentee. Through this the Renal doctors expects nurses and AMO to functions as mini-doctors, i.e the mentor are to know the day to day medical conditions, nutritional conditions, medications and blood parameters of their patients. They are expected to know how to make adjustment to tritrate patients medications and dialysis treatment and also to make referral to renal specialist when necessary as there is no. The ironiny is there is no Renal specialist /doctors through the 18 other rural regionla dialysis centres but a total 12 specilaist conviently stationed in urban hospital in the state`s city. Failure of the mentor to make proper mentorship and care of their patients, the mentor will be scolded admonlished by the doctors and if the mentor dis agree question their role with this ruling, they will be asked to leave of the Haemodialysis Centre. Thus a profession dictated by others without voice of empowerment over a long term cannot mature professionally (RRRRR) and it is for this reason that I have chosen this topic to explore and expose the various flaw, the impact and the possible remedy to our health care system. Lain lain u buat sendirilah Nowadays the public or consumers are more knowledgeable, educated and know their rights, medical knowledge can now be easily accessed right at the comforts of their home via internet and as a results any wrong practices will be subject the AMO and nurses to litigations. It is therefore no surprising that patients are more knowledgeable, than the nurses. As a result they have a higher expectation to receive a good quality of health care and thus push the AMO and Nurses to a stressful situation. Although the AMO and Nurses are capable performing the job but with thoughts of professionalism hanging on their heads they feel that patients are not getting the best professional treatment. Though AMO tried everything possible in order to meet the demand of the patient, but sometime patient are not satisfied as they prefer doctors to AMO/Nurses in terms of prescribing medications and blood test and hence AMO and nurses continue to be yelled. (Vondras et al, 2004).These things make the AMO fee l uneasy as at one point they want to be obedient subordinates but at the same time feel that unprofessionalism is practice. And so the AMO/Nurses works about like headless chicken doing their work without much thinking. I feel that Innocent Nurses and AMO are the most vulnerable groups in the medical professions as they can be force by their superior to carry out jobs which is not in their list of jobs descriptions .However in the last line of the list of jobs descriptions, it states that, to carry out orders or instructions as ordered by a higher authority from time to time . I personally feel that this statement has been long abused by higher authorities such as doctors as this controversial statement is deemed to be a license for doctors and higher authorities to compel the nurses and Assistant Medical Officer to carry out clinical or non clinical activities. Somehow the order of carrying out a mini-doctors job which is a vertical substitution with controversial permissions, are reluctantly carried out by the Nurses and AMO because of the unavailability of Renal specialized doctors and moreover if they dont do the job then the patient will suffer and may even cost the patient life. The mentors wh ich is working under stressed however carry out their jobs minus their heart and with frustrations and they may eventually burnt out, Curci, Linda. (2004) Therefore the Associations of Dialysis for Medical Assistant and Nurses (ADMAN) must stand up and issue a strong collective voice to protects the AMO/Nurses from this continuous exploitations. .However the more important questions is, are the nurses or AMO adequately protected from the law when carrying out certain task which may be a risky procedure and may have a medico-legal implications? The Medical Assistant Board has underline codes of Ethics and professional conduct of AMO which must be observed by all Assistant Medical Officer As not all AMO task are specified, I wonder if the ministry of health will go all the way to protect her staff in the case of law suits. The experience faced by AMO and Nurses is therefore akin to force labor. This abuse is therefore professionally wrong as it lays the major platform of destroying the medical support industry. As a protective strategy in the medical profession, doctors have given the nurses low regard therefore making them to have low self esteem towards their profession and assume subordinate perspectives (Fritz, 2008, p. 82) However jobs which are not listed in the main AMO jobs descriptions are Credentialed and privileged. It is therefore important that all terms and conditions of the process of credentialing and privileging must be observed and documented in order to comply the requirement of credentialing and privileging. How To Document on Credentialing and Privileging Applications. Available at : http://www.ashp.org/s_ashp/docs/files/SCSS_HowtoCredPrivdoc.pdf accessed 30 September 2010 . While credentialing is the process of obtaining, verifying and assessing the qualifications of a healthcare practitioner and to provide patient care services privileging is the process used to identify, document, and approve the specific procedures and treatments that may be performed in a specific setting. Privileges are granted based on the findings of the credentialing function and should only be granted for services that are currently offered by the hospital. Available at : http://knol.google.com/k/kathy-matzka/credentialing-and-privileging/3ep8m4hgro5l7/1# accessed 30 September 2010. The noble mission of ministry of health Malaysia is to lead and inspire through excellence in medical device regulatory system., to influence change and forge partnership that ensure public health and safety, to ensure that only high quality, effective and safe medical devices are available in Malaysia, to encourage and support the innovation and development of technology in medical device industry.( Medical Device Bureau Ministry of Health, Malaysia ). And in Nursing, professional boundaries simply means to establish the immediate legislations and requirements that differentiate the nurses and doctors scope of works (Ruth Constance ,2008, p. 39). Nursing profession is born out of ethics and desire to ensure that high levels of purity and integrity of life is observed (Barbara Lynn, 2008, p. 109). When there is lack of clear definition of specific boundaries in terms of specialization, the doctors are considered to have more impact in treatment of the patients than the nurses (Anne, 2008, p. 277). Nurses are not allowed to challenge any of the surgeons decisions but just to follow instructions as the surgeons finish the patients operations within short periods and then leave the nurses to carry out nursing care of the patient (Fritz, 2008, p. 82). Besides being a clear generalization, assumption, deliberate or unintentional underrating of the nurses profession, it is a clear indicator of torn delineations that lacks clear outlining for harmonious operations (Bessie Huston, 2008, pp. 752-753).Nurses are therefore required to assume their major activities when they are away irrespective of the main reason (Ruth Constance, 2008, p. 40). With lack of proper institution for defining the boundaries, the nurses are consumed in their calm built nature of service towards humanity (Colyer, 2004, pp. 408-104) .Using strong legislative framework and policy guidelines, nursing should be guarded like other professions and define the required relationship with the doctors in their areas of work (Bridgit, 2008, p. 569). When there is a criss crossings violations by doctor intrusions they allow do but wont empower you. Surface icing doctors may need AMO/Nurses helps but in reality they dont allow the AMO/Nurses to practice outside making the AMO/Nurses only the tool of convenience .However If everybody wants their own border of practice, everything have to wait for the doctors thereby causing a mark increase of public complaints. Therefore care should now be multi-taskings and coordinating care . Why I do cross boundaries, I do for the following reasons :- Because I am facing the patients If I dont do the public will complaints Critical to do patient will do Sometimes expatriate doctor with questionable qualifications patients may die but if my mother or relatives I want them to do it correctly. What happen if I do then Patient recovered really well I will save reputations of the my hospital Pat on the back from the doctor however it not done openly However patient will not be happy . But what happen if there is a complications when I do it then I will be Trying to be smart Trying to be a doctor Model for crossings borders Counsellings deepressed patients suicidal Anne, M. (2008) Advanced Practice Nursing: Essential Knowledge for the Profession. New Jersey: Jones Bartlett Publishers Barbara, M. Lynn, K. (2008) Holistic Nursing: A Handbook for Practice. New Jersey: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Credentialing and Privileging? Available at : http://www.ashp.org/s_ashp/docs/files/SCSS_HowtoCredPrivdoc.pdf accessed 30 September 2010 Colyer, H. M .(2004) The Construction and Development of Health Professionals: where will it end?, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48 (4), pp. 406-412. Fritz, A. (2008) Physicians at War: The Dual-Loyalties Challenge. Miami: Springer Publishing Press. How To Document on Credentialing and Privileging Applications. Available at : http://www.ashp.org/s_ashp/docs/files/SCSS_HowtoCredPrivdoc.pdf accessed 30 September 2010 Medical Device Bureau Ministry of Health, Malaysia http://www.mdb.gov.my/mdb/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=62Itemid=113 Ruth, F. Constance, J. (2008) Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function. San Francisco: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Curci, Linda. (2004). Burnout. http://www.counseling.caltech.edu/articles/burnout.html. Life Positive. 2000. Stress at workplace. http://www.lifepositive.com/Mind/psychology/stress/stress-at- work.asp#causesofworkplacestress

Effectiveness of an Oral Hygiene on Hearing Impaired Child

Effectiveness of an Oral Hygiene on Hearing Impaired Child Effectiveness of an oral hygiene instruction on the plaque score among hearing impaired children- A cross-sectional study Abstract Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of an oral hygiene instruction on the plaque scores among hearing impaired children. Materials method: A total of 56 institutionalized children with hearing impairment in the age range 5-17 years were selected for the study. Oral hygiene status was assessed using Turesky–Gilmore–Glickman modification of the Quigley Hein Plaque Index (MQPI), dentition status along with DMFS were recorded. Oral hygiene education along with the proper tooth brushing technique was demonstrated using a tooth model. Oral hygiene status was reassessed after 21 days and the data obtained was analyzed Statistical analysis: Results : Conclusion: Introduction Oral health plays an important role in the overall health of children, and, in particular it is more important for children with special health need. Children are prone to oral health problems when their oral hygiene maintenance is poor. Dental caries is the most prevalent and widespread disease seen in children and among the disabled it is the greatest unattended health need1. Children with hearing impairment (CHI) seem to be one such group lacking adequate oral health awareness to maintain their oral health owing to communication barriers2,3 Hearing impairment (HI) forms major disability affecting many children world-wide. There are 23,000-25,000 children (aged 0-15 years) who are permanently deaf or hard of hearing in UK4. According to National Sample Survey Organization in India, 0.4% of 1065.40 million children are hearing impaired and every child in 1000 live births suffers from HI.5 Hearing impairment primarily influences communication, on which it can have a devastating effect6. As the degree of loss increases, psychological, emotional and social disturbances generally become more pronounced.6The extent of disturbance also depends on age of onset, training, and acceptance of disability6. Various factors contribute to the significant problems experienced by this population group in accessing health care and in communicating with doctors such as lack of sign language and due to the lack of awareness training among health service staff and the shortage or absence of aids to communication7. People with disabilities deserve the same opportunities for oral health and hygiene as those who are healthy. Previous studies have found hearing impaired children have poorer oral hygiene than non-hearing impaired children8,9. Plaque and gingival indices in disabled children after a mechanical plaque control were significantly different compared with those of non-disable children10. Although numerous plaque control methods have been proposed, tooth brushing using a correct technique is effective in controlling plaque is safe, easy to use and cost effective.11 With respect to the importance of assessing the oral health care needs among these special groups of population and lack of studies carried out on this issue in the pertinent population, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an oral hygiene instruction on the plaque scores among hearing impaired children. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in National Residential School for Deaf, Bangalore , an institution for the deaf and dumb children which comprised of 56 children aged between 4-17years.Prior written consent was obtained from the school and also the intervention of the study design was been explained. Ethical clearance was obtained from A total of 56 children participated in the study which included both male and female. Children present on the day of the examination were included. Those who were not willing to participate or those unwell were excluded. General information about the respondent’s oral hygiene habits and frequency of dental visits were obtained using a questionnaire. Dental examination was performed using dental mirror and a probe in broad daylight in accordance with WHO guidelines12. Oral examination included: number of teeth, presence of caries, restorations and number of extracted teeth and plaque score. Acquired data was entered in the dental records for each patient. For the assessment of dental status, the DMFS (decayed, missing, filled) index was used and the Turesky—Gilmore–Glickman modification of the Quigley–Hein plaque index (1970)13 was used to assess the plaque score. Plaque was assessed on the facial and lingual surfaces of all the teeth. A plaque score per pe rson was obtained by totaling all the plaque scores and dividing by the number of surfaces examined. A score of 0 to 5 was assigned to each facial and lingual non-restored surface of the tooth as shown in Fig 1. Scoring was as follows: 0 = no plaque/debris 1 = separate flecks of plaque at the cervical margin of the tooth. 2 = a thin continuous band of plaque (up to 1 mm) at the cervical margin of the tooth. 3 = a band of plaque wider than 1 mm but covering less than one third of the crown of the tooth. 4 = plaque covering at least one third but less than two thirds of the crown of the tooth. 5 = plaque covering two thirds or more of the crown of the tooth. Figure 1.Tooth areas graded by the Turesky et al Modified Quigley Hein Plaque Index Following initial examination, oral hygiene instructions regarding the importance of maintaining a good oral hygiene, development of dental caries and the tooth brushing technique in the form of manual demonstration of tooth brushing on tooth models was given. The technique of tooth brushing demonstrated was dependent on the age group of the child. Children younger than 8 years, because of their limited manual dexterity were being demonstrated with the horizontal scrub technique and those older than 8 years, modified bass technique was demonstrated. A tooth brush and toothpaste (Colgate,India-1000 ppm of maximum available fluoride) was given to all the participants to standardize the process. After 3 weeks, once again plaque scores were recorded and statistically analyzed with baseline scores. Results Discussion The AAPD defines special health care needs as â€Å"any physical, developmental, mental, sensory, behavioral, cognitive, or emotional impairment or limiting condition that requires medical management, health care intervention, and/or use of specialized services or programs.14 Oral health is an inseparable part of general health and well-being. Individuals with SHCN may be at an increased risk for oral diseases throughout their lifetime.15 Physical disability such as hearing impairment can result in difficulties to reach an ideal health status of the teeth. Since children with hearing impairment are either dependent on their parents or care providers for their general and oral health care needs, it is the responsibility of the dental health care professional to design new and innovative ways to provide dental health education to these children.16 Education is one of the essential factor responsible for behavioral change in children. 17 Particularly, oral health education is the key t o prevent oral diseases and it is always appropriate to educate school age children 18 and through them education can reach their families and community members as well.19 To deliver quality health education, various approaches can be planned to have a better communication as communication is a key factor in conveying dental health education to the children with hearing impairment.16 According to the child’s development stage and motor skill oral hygiene instruction should be instructed. Variations in the ability of tooth brushing must be considered, especially with younger children. Intensive individual training of each child is also essential to achieve desired benefits of the technique. `In the present study, the higher plaque score before OHE confirm poor oral hygiene status in children with hearing impairment similar to earlier studies.3-5,20,21 Hence, the prime motive of this study was to instill appropriate oral health awareness in these children. After the initial examination, a sample of tooth brush and fluoridated tooth pastes were given to the children to motivate them toward active participation in the program. Oral hygiene education talk was given to children to make them understand the importance proper oral hygiene procedures and the development of dental caries. With the help of the school teacher using the sign language, and according to the age wise proper brushing technique were being demonstrated. It was seen that almost all of the children showed a keen interest to learn the proper brushing technique. Majority of the children in this study use the horizontal scrub technique and Fones technique. The use of the horizontal scrub technique has been reported as a method of choice in young children in various studies because of the inability to apply other tooth brushing techniques.22-24 Tooth brushing skill and the required manual dexterity for tooth brushing are developed in children aged 8 years and above.25Mescher et al26 reported that children age 6 years and younger do not have the hand functions which are required for tooth brushing, and hence concluded that the sulcular brushing technique could be mastered by children 8 years and above. Kropfl27 reported that modified bass method to be significantly more efficacious than horizontal scrub method. Kremers et al28 and Zhang et al29 showed that Bass technique effectively removed interdental plaque when compared to other techniques. Age comparison between older and younger age groups shows differences in the maintenance of oral hygiene which is also seen in this present study. Chronological age is a reasonable predictor of tooth brushing ability and manual tooth brushing skills are acquired better after 4-5 years of age.30 In the present study, it was seen that there was a significant plaque reduction in high school children (12-16 years) compared with primary school children (5-7years) and middle school children (8-11 years) indicating better motivational and performance skills in the older age group children compared with younger ones. This can be said to be influenced by the greater cognitive ability and the manner of learning and initiation in older age groups. The results of this study showed that the OHE program was effective in improving their oral health status significantly and was equally successful in improving their oral health. Conclusion . Bibliography Hennequin M, Faulks D, Roux D. Accuracy of estimation of dental treatment needs in special care patients. J Dent 2000;28:131-136 Stiefel DJ. Dental care considerations for disabled adults. Spec Care Dentist 2002;22:26S-39. Alsmark SS, Garcà ­a J, Martà ­nez MR, Là ³pez NE. How to improve communication with deaf children in the dental clinic. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;12:E576-81. Champion J, Holt R . Dental care for children and young people who have a hearing impairment. B r Dent J 2000;189:155-9. Jain M, Mathur A, Kumar S, Dagli R J, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Dentition status and treatment needs among children with impaired hearing attending a special school for the deaf and mute in Udaipur, India. J Oral Sci 2008;50:161-5. Tunis W, Dixter C. Dentistry and the hearing-impaired child. J Pedod 1979;3: 321-334. Champion J, Holt R. Dental care for children and young people who have a hearing impairment. Br Dent J. 2000 Aug 12;189(3):155-9. Barnett S, Franks P. Health care utilization and adults who are deaf: relationship with age at onset of deafness. Health Serv Res 2002; 37: 105-20 Oredugba FA, Sote EO. Oral hygiene status of handicapped children in Lagos. Niger J Gen Prac 2002; 5: 75-9. Reynolds WE, Blick BM. Evaluation the effectiveness of instruction in oral hygiene for mentally retarded boys. J Publ Health Dent 1974; 34: 8-12 Arunakul M, Kuphasuk Y, Boonyathanasit R. Effectiveness of oral hygiene instruction media on periodontal health among hearing impaired children. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2012 Sep;43(5):1297-303. WHO. Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods. 4th Ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997. Lobene RR, Weatherford T, Ross NM, Lamm RA, Menaker LA. A modified gingival index for use in clinical trails. Clin Prev Dent 1986;8(1):3-6. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Definition of special health care needs. Pediatr Dent 2012;34(special issue):16. Lewis CW. Dental care and children with special health care needs: A population-based perspective. Acad Pediatr 2009;9(6):420-6. Shetty V, Kumar J, Hegde A. Breaking the sound barrier: oral health education for children with hearing impairment. Spec Care Dentist 34(3): 131-137, 2014 Christensen GJ. Special oral hygiene and preventive care for special needs. J Am Dent Assoc 2005;136:1141-3. Flanders R A. Effectiveness of dental health educational programs in schools. J Am Dent Assoc 1987;114:239-42. World Health Organization. Oral Health Promotion through Schools. WHO Information Series on School Health. Document 8. Geneva: WHO; 2003 Brown JP, Schodel DR. A review of controlled surveys of dental disease in handicapped persons. ASDC J Dent C hild 1976;43:313-20. Kumar S, Dagli R J, Mathur A, Jain M, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Oral hygiene status in relation to sociodemographic factors of children and adults who are hearing impaired, attending a special school. Spec C are Dentist 2008;28:258-64. Kimmelman BB, Tassman GL. Research in design of children’s toothbrushes. J Dent Child 1960;27:60. McClure DB. A comparison of toothbrushing technics for the preschool child. J Dent Child 1966;33:205à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ10. Ruggà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœGunn AJ, Macgregor ID. A survey of toothbrushing behaviour in children and young adults. J Periodontal Res 1978;13:382à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ9. Das UM, Singhal P. Tooth brushing skills for the children aged 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ11 years. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2009;2:104à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ7. Mescher KD, Brine P, Biller I. Ability of elementary school children to perform sulcular toothbrushing as related to their hand function ability. Pediatr Dent 1980;2:31à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ6. Kropf JL. Clinical Evaluation of Magnifying Lighted Mirror and Unwaxed Dental Floss as Oral Hygiene Adjuncts. Master’s Thesis, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, School Dentistry; 1971. p. 124. Kremers L, Lampert F, Etzold C. Comparative clinical studies on 2 toothbrushing methodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœRoll and Bass technic. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1978;33:58à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ60. Zhang JH, Sha YQ, Cao CF. Comparative study of the effects of removing plaque by two toothbrushing methods. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao 2005;37:542à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ4 Unkel JH, Fenton SJ, Hobbs G Jr, Frere C L. T oothbrushing ability is related to age in children. ASDC J Dent C hild 1995;62:346-8.

Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin Essay -- Uncle Toms Cabin E

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin "The Kitchen is Seasoned With Love" The above quotation is stamped on countless refrigerator magnets and embroidered on dishtowels across the world; and yet, how many of us ever stop to think about what it really means? After all, why is it important that a concept as ethereal and abstract as love should have significance in the kitchen, a place supposedly reserved for preparing that which is necessary only to maintaining the physical body? This question can perhaps be best answered by the â€Å"little woman† named Harriet Beecher Stowe, in her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin – written before we even had refrigerators, much less magnets bearing heartwarming little proverbs. Whereas it may at first be overlooked, the description of different types of kitchens in Uncle Tom’s Cabin is in fact a recurring theme in the novel and not to be trivialized. On the contrary, Harriet Beecher Stowe uses the image of the kitchen to encompass one of the most pertinent aspects of her argument against slavery: that of the importance of the home and domestic life in the fight against oppression and injustice. An indoctrinated member of the infamous â€Å"Cult of True Womanhood,† an unofficial sisterhood designed to combat women’s lack of physical and political power by encouraging them to develop the power of influence, Stowe uses representations of the ideology of this alliance – whose central tenets are piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity – as weapons in her narrative battle against slavery’s evils. She aims these weapons straight at the heart of female readers belonging to the same sisterhood, especially mothers ; and with what territory should her feminine readership be more closely acquainted... ...ey into freedom. Finding meaning in Stowe’s use of kitchen imagery is not too difficult a task; her comparison of Chloe’s and Dinah’s kitchens shows the almost polar variations that can occur in slaveholding households, but the ultimate destruction that takes place in both homes proves that no matter how things may at first appear, tragedy will always be the result when slavery is at the core. The only way that true harmony can be achieved is through a system that is not based on slavery, as seen in the example of Rachel Halliday’s Quaker kitchen, where the scenarios of the other households are reversed, and the result is a hopeful end for the sufferer through the kindness of a fellow human being. Now it is up to us as readers to conduct our own kitchens with the same values of motherly nurturing, compassion for one’s fellow man, and most importantly, love.

Overcoming my Fear of Roller Coasters Essay example -- Personal Narrat

I have this fear that causes my body to shake. When I think about it, my skin becomes pale and cold. It’s death speeding through my mind. Once I have seen these monstrous roller coasters, the only thing in my mind was fear. Knowing that I’m afraid to go on these rides, I didn’t want to look like a fool in front of my friends. My mind is thinking of deadly thoughts. My palms were sweaty and I was twitching like a fish. I was petrified of heights. We pulled into the roller coaster park in our Ford Excursion truck. It was me and my dearest friends. Our stomachs were growling like mountain lions. We haven’t had a chance to get something to eat during the trip. I opened the container of ham and cheese sandwiches and have had three sandwiches faster than a track star. My un-calm hands couldn’t even open a bottle of wild cherry soda. Thinking about what I’m going to do when we enter the park. After eating our sack lunches, our group of five decided to enter the park. I can hear the roller coaster tracks and machinery almost sounding like a train, watching the faces of the people. After...

Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essay -- Aldous Huxley Brave New World

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World I stood in front of the television screen in horror and disbelief at 10 o'clock on September 11, 2001. Watching as the second plane struck the World Trade Center in a fiery ball of destruction, I thought for sure that this world as we know it was coming to an abrupt end. Seeing the first tower fall and then the second, with over 100 stories each now a pile of twisted steel and death made me want to vomit. In two short hours, the stability of America’s foundation became questionable. I wondered how such a terrorist attack could happen in this society. Then I began looking for warning signs. Ironically, all the warning America needed lies underneath the cover of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World published in 1932. Huxley warned America prior to World War II and almost 70 years prior to the â€Å"Attack on America† that materialism, ethnocentrism, complacency, and racism could all lead to ultimate destruction. America chose to ignore him. Why were such attacks and wounds inflicted on America? Huxley recognized many years prior to pop culture that society in the US was incredibly materialistic and money oriented; maybe someday America would be otherwise. In Brave New World, Huxley puts great detail into the description of this futuristic society's material possessions. Their creator and God was â€Å"Ford,† named after the car manufacturer and father of mass production. â€Å"Ford† was an incredible symbol of wealth and power, similar to the automobile at the time of publication. Besides Ford, Huxley’s main female character Lenina Crowne takes great pride in her appearance and her outfits, especially her â€Å"silver-mounted green morocco-surrogate cartridge belt† (Huxley, 50). Many analysts in... ...el. I’m glad I don’t look like them.† I have been conditioned to hate too, in other ways, through media and society. Huxley warns us of a danger in this perspective. As we separate ourselves further and further apart within our country due to race and ethnicity, we will become more and more like Lenina, Bernard, and Henry. We become so focused on our own personal goals, only allowing socialization within the specific social class, that we lose understanding for the big picture. Eventually, due to our differences, some will be driven from their homes, forced to leave like John the Savage, alienated to the point of no return. How can America point blame onto another society when it harbors a similar hatred within the US borders? How could America let this predicted materialism, ethnocentrism, complacency, and racism happen? How could I miss the warning signs?

History of Ergonomics Essay

Ergonomics refers to the study of the interaction between humans and the environment. This study is aimed at understanding mechanisms that are necessary in order to improve the working conditions of humans. Such working conditions include health, performance and comfort. The study is intended at enhancing strategies that optimize the performance of humans at work. This implies that it focuses on techniques that are required to restructure office etiquette and procedures in order to improve the overall productivity. However, ergonomics is not necessarily limited to office environment as it also encompasses other fields of human life. In a practical perspective, ergonomics is a science concerned with the design of office equipments and artifacts in order to improve the comfort of workers and improve the overall productivity and effectiveness (Gilmore et al. , 1998). An ergonomicist is interested in the study of the interaction between humans and the tools they use in their working environments. The study of ergonomic includes the design of office equipments and space, and the positioning of switches in control rooms. It additionally includes the study of the interaction of the human behavior and their surrounding. This study originated form Greece where the term ergonomics was derived from ergon meaning work and nomos meaning natural law in Greek. Later on a 19th century sociologist Fredrik Taylor invented the term ‘Scientific management’ to gain maximum results in the factory work. Since then, the practice of ergonomics has tremendously developed over time. As the age of space approaches, new factors continue to emerge such as weightlessness and gravitational force. As the modern world progresses into the future, the field of ergonomics continues to become more sophisticated. In the United States, an army personnel known as Alphonse Chapanis in 1943 explained that plane accidents caused by pilot errors could be significantly be reduced by using a more simple and rational cockpit instead of the common control layout (Jubel, 2007). Institutional ergonomics is concerned with the socio-technical aspects of the work environment which refers to the amalgamation of structure, process and organizational strategies. Cognitive ergonomics deals with the psychological perspectives of the workplace which involves the study of ideas, opinion and memory. In academic viewpoint, the study of ergonomics would comprise the knowledge of psychology, engineering and health science. It is therefore necessary for an ergonomicist to possess a bachelors or masters degree in these disciplines. The practice of ergonomics can find use in several aspects of human life such as workplace, home setting, education and sports. The practical study of ergonomics involves the design of working equipments such as computer chairs or keyboards. Other ergonomic discipline involves the study of the environment of the world as is referred to as quantum ergonomics (Gilmore et al. 1998). History of ergonomics In the United States, the field of ergonomic is believed to have originated during the period of the Second World War (Wickens & Hollands, 2000), even though developments that led to its inception can be traced back to the 20th century. Before the Second World War, the main focus of the work place was designing humans to adapt to the machines used at work basically referred to trial and error method as opposed to designing the machines used at work to match the requirements of humans. This can be observed form the study conducted by Taylor in which the selection criteria, time and motion studies, training and work rest programs were examined (Taylor, 1911). This study of time and motions was expounded by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (Gilbreth & Gilbreth, 1917). Majority of the ergonomic developments were necessitated by military requirements. With the commencement of the First World War, which was the first conflict where airplane was used in combat, there emerged the need to adequately train pilots new mechanisms of war. This necessitated the development of new aviation technologies based on psychology. In addition these trends prompted the emergence of aeromedical research studies. Even though progress was made during this period, the momentum for developing and exploring the discipline further was no achieved since there was lack of vital technological advancements and personnel due to the ongoing Second World War (Meister, 1999). The period between the First World War and the Second World War recorded a significant decline in research, however, some success were realized during this period. Aeromedical research work did not stop during this time which realized advances in several laboratories built across the United States such as the Brooks Air Force Base located in the city of Texas and the Wright Field situated in Ohio. These laboratories were significant in the development of ergonomics. Their study was focused on identification of attributes of successful pilots and establishing the impacts of environment stressors on the performance and productivity of flights. Furthermore, the study of anthropometry which is a field concerned with the measurement of the human body was considerably employed in designing airplanes during this period. Other researches were also being done in the private sector such as the automobile behavioral studies (Forbes, 1939). The emergence of the Second World War, and its accompanied needs, formed the driving force behind the development of the field of ergonomics. First, the demand of mobilizing and recruiting substantial numbers of people both men and women made it very difficult for individuals to specialize in a particular job. Therefore, there was a shift in focus where individual’s capability was designed in order to reduce the negative impacts of their shortcomings. Secondly, the period of the Second World War witnessed the turning point in terms of technological advances. The rapid development of technology outpaced the capability of human to adapt and offset poor designs. This was particularly observed in airplane accidents experienced by vastly trained pilots as a result of problems witnessed with the configuration of the control systems and the instrument displays (Fitts & Jones, 1947). In addition, enemy targets were unfortunately missed by machine controlled radars (Wickens & Hollands, 2000). Psychologists were employed to experiment and study these emerging issues by employing laboratory mechanisms in order to solve these problems. As a result, the discipline was ergonomics emerged despite the fact that the people involved in its development failed to realize it during this period (Meister, 1999). The two subsequent decades immediate after the Second World War witnessed a growing military research catalyzed largely by the emergence of the cold war. Military research institutions developed during this war were enlarged and new ones created. The private sectors also continued to develop ergonomic groups mainly in aviation and communication, and digital Industry. The Human Factors Society, a professional body mandated to study ergonomics in the United States was established in 1957 and had an approximate of 90 members then who attended the first inaugural meeting. This name was later abolished in 1992 and replaced with the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Currently, this society boasts of over 4500 people, majority of who are participants in the technical groups established under this society, student bodies and attend the yearly meetings. Beginning in the 1960s, the field of ergonomics continued to expand especially in the previously identified areas. This development expanded into new fields such as computer architecture and software, nuclear weaponry, internet technology among others. In the recent past, new areas of study have emerged which includes neuroergonomics and nanoergonomics (Jubel, 2007). Conclusion A persistent premise that has been developed over several decades is the ever increasing center of influence that ergonomics has attempted to encompass, as technological advances continue to emerge. What simply began as a mere detachment of experimental psychology focusing on the interaction and relationship of people with machines in the work place has tremendously expanded to cover almost all aspects of interaction of individuals and their environment. Several researchers have hypothesized about the future of human factors and ergonomics. With the speedy technological advances in such areas as biotechnology and nanotechnology, it would be very exciting to speculate the emerging problems that ergonomics would be called upon to solve in the future (Vicente, 2008). In the today’s modern world, as it was the case during its inception, human factors and ergonomics has still remained a multi disciplinary field of study. In the United States for instance, this discipline has expanded from behavioral sciences including empirical psychology, and some engineering fields of study. Among the countries in the European block, the discipline of human factors and ergonomics has found its stronghold in physical science disciplines such as human physiology. Currently, people from diverse educational backgrounds and disciplines varying from physiology, engineering and psychology have focused their exclusive skills and knowledge in the study of the interaction and relationship of people with systems.

Beowulf Motifs Paper Essay

In classic literature, one will often see traces of literary devices that enhance the reading fluency as well as entertainment for the reader. Often, the reader will enjoy literature because of the writer’s attention to bring humor, suspense, drama, and many more genres to life. In a narrative a motif is any recurring or consistent element/entity that has symbolic significance in a story. Through its repetition a motif can help produce other narrative or literary aspects such as a theme or mood. They are defined as â€Å"entities/symbols that reoccur throughout a literary work; sometimes appearing in multiple forms.† In the epic tale, Beowulf, many motifs bring together the characters and the plot. Consequently, three significant motifs that enhance its theme are loyalty, revenge, and envy. One of the central themes of Beowulf, embodied by its title character, is loyalty. At every step of his career, loyalty is Beowulf’s guiding virtue. Beowulf comes to the assistance of the Danes for complicated reasons. He is interested in increasing his reputation and gaining honor and payment. Beowulf does become king and rules with honor and fidelity to his office and his people for 50 years. In his final test, the burden of loyalty will rest on other, younger shoulders. Preparing for his last battle, with the fiery dragon, Beowulf puts his trust in 11 of his finest men, retainers who have vowed to fight to the death for him. Although the now elderly king insists on taking on the dragon alone, he brings along the 11 in case he needs them. When it is apparent that Beowulf is losing the battle to the dragon, however, all but one of his men run and hides in the woods. Only Wiglaf, an inexperienced thane who has great respect for his king, remains loyal. Wiglaf calls to the others, but realizing that they will be no help and that his king is about to be killed, he stands beside the old man to fight to the death theirs or the dragon’s. For Beowulf, sadly, it is the end. Although he and Wiglaf kill the dragon, the king dies. As he dies, Beowulf passes the kingdom on to the brave and loyal Wiglaf. Revenge serves as a motivating factor for several characters throughout the poem, initially stirring Grendel and his mother. Grendel seeks revenge upon mankind for the heritage that he has been dealt. He delights in raiding Heorot because it is the symbol of everything that he detests about men: their success, joy, glory, and favor in the eyes of God. Grendel’s mother’s revenge is more specific. She attacks Heorot because someone there killed her son. Although she is smaller and less powerful than Grendel, she is motivated by a mother’s fury. When Beowulf goes after her in the mere, she has the added advantage of fighting him in her own territory. As she drags him into her cave beneath the lake, her revenge peaks because this is the very man who killed her son. Only Beowulf’s amazing abilities as a warrior and the intervention of God or magic can defeat her. Finally, Despite Unferth’s jealous rant at the first banquet, the most serious embodiment of envy in the poem is Grendel. The ogre who has menaced Hrothgar’s people for 12 years is envious of the Danes because he can never share in mankind’s hope or joy. The monster’s motivation is one of the few undeniably Christian influences in the epic. Grendel is a descendant of Cain, the biblical son of Adam and Eve who killed his brother Abel out of jealousy (Genesis 4). The legend is that the monsters of the earth are Cain’s descendants and eternally damned. Grendel resents men because God blesses them but will never bless him. The bright lights and sounds of joy emanating from Hrothgar’s magnificent mead-hall, Heorot, especially annoy the ogre. The scop’s â€Å"Song of Creation† angers Grendel because it reminds him of the light and hope of God’s creation and the loss he suffers because of Cain’s sin. Grendel stomps up from the mere to devour Danes and rule nightly over Heorot as a form of revenge stemming from this envy. Coming from a highly valued family name, Beowulf must earn his own reputation within his own family. Throughout his battles, Beowulf personifies the motifs of loyalty, revenge, envy, reputation, vengeance, and fate which contribute to the overall epic theme. Each of these contrasting themes contributes as to why Beowulf was such a tremendous epic hero.

How to Write a Ccot Essay

WHAT IS THE CCOT ESSAY -the CCOT deals specifically with analysis of continuities and changes over time covering at least one of the perisds in the coarse outline -for examples it might address technology ,trade, culture, migrations, or environment -the CCOT questions requires analysis of process and explanation of the cause with specific examples THE PURPOSE -the evaluate your availing to analyze historical changes and continuities that. Have shaped events social political economical developments in history and ability to gauge your analysis of global processesWHAT YOU NEED TO DO -CHANGE -recognize it as it occurs in history -identify and understand the causes of change -CONTINUITY -recognize factors which remain the same throughout and entire period -identify and understand factors which allow this to continue THE CHANGE -must discuss (use concrete details) and analyze changes that occurred relevant to the question -if the questions discusses specific terms such as social and polit ical ,you need to focus on political and social changes -if the questions is more vague, you need to think of aspects to base your analysis on.THE CONTINUITY -the questions also ask you to adress continuities general these are patterns or cultural tendencies that remain stagnant for years and years – for example think of the role of women,reliegons,philosophies,or conflict between social classes -it very important to remember that you need to have concrete details to back up your continuity STARTING AND ENDING POINTS -I order to get complete credit for the CCOT you need to address the starting point -I order to analyze changes you must discuss what it was like before -however pay attention to time period given the question you essay may require -starting point transistor and ending condition or -starting point and ending condition -meaning the outline/pure write is essential GOOD AND BAD CHANGES -you must identify the change and make it clear why that change occurred -bad Pri or to 1948 the Jewish people had no homeland on 1948 Isreal was established – Good -in the early 20th century , few people saw a need for establishing of an independent Jewish state.However, once the world realized the massive gene code of Jews that took place during World War Two , support for the establishment of Isreal began to grow FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CCOT -thesis should define areas of change and areas of continuity -establishment time period boundaries and address entire period -this can be done in 2 sentences -address both continuity and change – everyone forget s to do continuity -analyze the cause of changes – use the word because a lot -discuss global context Connect to world processes and change HELPFUL HINTS draw a timeline to help connect the era and events you will talk about -identify what the situation was at the beginning of the ra also known as a baseline – cite a fact about this -identify the situation was at the end of The era -cite a fact about this -try to explain the process of change -why did this happen? COMMON TRIGGERS FOR CHAMGE -consider that change happens enevenly in places and overtime -often speeding up to the change -are their steps to the change -intermediate points between the beginning and end period are importantHISTORICAL CONTEXTS -remember that changes and continuities in a particular region do not happen on a vacuum -use varying scope -global trend vs regional vs local -don't be afraid to note exceptions to a trend HOW TO ANSWER THW CCOT ESSAY APPROACH #1-DIRECT -basis body paragraph around the changes and continuities you identify 1 topic sentence 2 baseline 3 causes of change or context 4 evidence – early middle late 5 summary of change – status attend of period & significance HOW TO ANSWER THE CCOT ESSAY APPROACH # 2-NARRATIVE describe the foo of history from begging to end with embedded changes continuities -bases body paragraph around sub periods -topic sentience -context -c haracteristics deve to and processes that change/stay the same -causes of changes seen in period and significance How did geography effect the development mod early civilizations -location -climate -physical landscape -how do they irrigate crops? -what Crops do they grow – how do they trade, over land,river,seas? -how do they interact with the environment? -many more questions your can ask†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..

Other Forms Of Social Control

All societies impose social control on their citizens to some degree. This type of control allows them to monitor and regulate behavior formally and informally. Key’s to understanding a culture’s system of social control is having a better understanding of the social norms. In large scale society they maintain social control within the legal institutions.There are also two other major controls that exist that many are unaware of. Religion is known to have control over the population, the public and the behavior of all. Whenever a person claims to be a dedicated Christian they must follow certain types of moral codes in order to uphold the personality in the public.Television is another form of social control. This control was noted that television was blocking mostly those individuals from enjoying the life on the outside of their doors. Social control is even in our households. A person wants their household a certain type of way has somewhat of a social control.I am u nder the impression that when a child is growing up they are taught wrong from right, what is good and what is bad. This however is only to prepare them for the real world.The subconscious mind is an outstanding and powerful information processor that can record and replay events that happened in the past. However many individuals become aware of their own subconscious mind when they realize they’re engaged in an undesirable behavior only as a result of someone who has pushed the wrong buttons.

E-Commerce Website Description Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-Commerce Website Description - Term Paper Example The last thing under the first part is business growth and competitive analysis. Under this,we look at the competitors of the business and how the website quality and technical specifications will allow it exist in the market segment. It also describes the strategic assessment of the customers’ needs. The next section describes the functional requirements of windows blind website. This incorporates what the system can and must do. Each deliverable is described in details on the basis of the functions to be implemented. This section also lists down all the users and their tasks are also elaborated. The functional specifications are further divided into technical specifications and the non-technical specification. The technical specification directly addresses the requirements of the website while the non-technical specifications assist the technical specification in the realization of the objectives described in the first section. The final section presents aaa description of t he site map and the user testing framework. The site map shows all the pages and sections available in the website. It also describes the basic functionalities of the website. It also includes the technical specification documentation and the dimensions of ecommerce security which must be realized by any ecommerce website. These dimensions include authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation and availability. The paper describes how windows blind website achieves all these dimensions. Introduction Windows blind ecommerce website is a website which automates business transactions and that deals in IT products. Its processes are in position to achieve five dimensions of ecommerce security which are confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, non-repudiation and availability. Windows blind has three different users with different privileges. These users are the visitors (non-registered users), customers (registered users) and the administrators. Once the visitors enter the s ite they are expected to register. Registration involves filling of forms or provision of user credential which are eventually stored in the central database for the next login attempts by the registered users. Integrity is the ability to ensure that data being displayed on a network or being transmitted or received over the Internet has not been altered in anyway by an unauthorized party. An e-commerce customer can examine message integrity if the contents are questionable and out of character for the person who sent it. The system administrator must deal with the issues of integrity when determining who should have authority to change data. The more people with authority to change data, the greater the threat of integrity both outside and inside Non repudiation is the ability to ensure that ecommerce parties do not deny their online actions. Windows Blind ecommerce website achieves non repudiation by the use of an arbitrator which implements the public key cryptography to ensure t hat a client or customer is authenticated before any transaction. Confidentiality on the other hand is the ability to ensure that the message sent across the website reaches the intended recipient. Windows blind website achieves confidentiality by a process known as secure electronic transaction. This process requires that the transacting party obtains a public key from a trusted certificate authority. Situation analysis Presented is an ecommerce website known as windows

Critical Discourse in Design - Intention versus Perception Assignment

Critical Discourse in Design - Intention versus Perception - Assignment Example To achieve this, the company has a team of professionals, including the most creative minds and the best directors in the country. Some of the recent campaigns by the company include (included are the links to the commercials).   Movistar is one of the top clients for this subsidiary and they did the campaign for its networks. The title of this campaign was ‘gravity’ and one of these videos was directed by two of the most known directors in the industry, Jorge Soto and Charlie Valderrama. The commercial was in the form of a video, this makes it easy to capture the attention of the target audience. People are more likely to watch moving images than any other form of media (Art Directors Club, 2011). The content of the commercial is also limited as it only involves one character. This gives the commercial a sense of mystery as we try to understand how this central character will relate to their environment. In the commercial, the central character is seated and manages to defy gravity. The end result is that the character floats throughout the commercial. The context of this commercial is that everything is possible for the users of this network as the commercial ends with the name of the brand, Movistar. The directors used in this commercial have a history of coming up with such commercials. Their work usually involves very few characters and it is these that are used to convey the message about the product to the consumer. The intention of this commercial is to portray a scenario which is impossible to achieve, in this case, floating above the ground. This makes the viewers’ wonder how this is possible. At the end of this phase, the name of the brand appears on the screen. This creates a link between the brand and the floating character. It shows that the product has limitless capabilities and it can enable them to do a wide range of things that were previously not possible (Plunkett, 2008). All these things can be made possible due to the Movistar 4G networks.  Ã‚  

Best Approach to a Nuclear Iran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best Approach to a Nuclear Iran - Essay Example Dore Gold writes, â€Å"†¦outwardly Iran wanted the peaceful use of nuclear energy, but its hidden intention, according to Ramezanzadeh, was to engage in other activities.†(15)The international community is not willing to believe Iran and remains skeptical about its nuclear plan. Bush administration takes a tough stance and warns that production of nuclear weapons is on the agenda of Iran and that concern is shared by Obama administration. Gold argues about the administration’s initial attitude and writes, â€Å"Obama’s neutrality on the developments in Iran reached its height when he declared: â€Å"It’s important to understand that although there is some ferment taking place in Iran, that the difference between Ahmadinejad and Moussavi in terms of their actual policies may not be as great as advertised.†(5) But the position is not the same now though Iran consistently denies allegations that it owns intention to develop a bomb. Gold further tenders details that â€Å"†¦.intelligence data indicating that Iran was also working on a nuclear warhead that could be fitted on its ballistic missiles.†(35) How do the authors present these issues? The authors present the issues in a logical manner tendering facts in support of their arguments. Both of them share concern about America’s political and economic interests. They differ in details as for approach but both agree that Iran’s nuclear weapons program ambitions must be contained without further delay. What are their assumptions? Christopher Hemmer argues that patient diplomacy is the best approach to contain Iran’s nuclear program. According to him, Iran with nuclear weapons will pose challenges for the United States, but it is prudent to meet them through a policy of deterrence actively pursued, through containment and engagement and with active deliberations with America’s allies in the region. It is better to talk to Iran across t he table on a perennial basis, than challenge it through arms. Norman Podhooretz answers this question in a simple and straightforward style. He is not willing to trust Iran under any circumstances. According to him a nuclear-armed Iran is dangerous for all concerned countries and disastrous for America. Use of arms to checkmate Iran is less risky than allowing it to go scot-free with its weapon-development program. He advocates direct military intervention and destruction of Iran’s nuclear capabilities. What are their arguments? According to Hemmer, in pursuance the path of peaceful negotiations, America needs to look out for options like change of regime, preventive military strike, economic sanction and make appropriate evaluations about cost of action vs. costs of inaction. In any case, America cannot remain a silent spectator about the nuclear ambitions of Iran and need to take actions on an ongoing basis. Christopher Hemmer argues, â€Å"The United States has three str ategic interests in the Persian Gulf: maintaining the flow of oil onto world markets, preventing any hostile state from dominating the region, and minimising any terrorist threat.†(Parameters†¦) Norman Podhooretz writes, â€Å"I argued that deterrence could not be relied upon with a regime rules by Islamafacist revolutionaries who not only were ready to die for their beliefs but cared less about

Specificity and Sensitivity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Specificity and Sensitivity - Essay Example y of a given clinical test refers to the ability of a test to accurately classify those patients with disease while specificity refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify patients without the disease. Consequently, Lovallo et al (2010) noted that specificity and sensitivity are inversely related in that the higher the sensitivity in a test, the lower the specificity of the same test. Therefore, a test having high sensitivity and lower specificity will accurately indicate higher percentage of patients as having a disease while limitedly identifying patients without the disease. Therefore, the use of high sensitivity and lower specificity is best suited in screening a severe but curable disease. On the contrary, the second test with a high specificity and low sensitivity will accurately identify higher percentage of patients without the diseases but inadequately provide information on those patients suffering from the diseases. Therefore, in the case of a deadly disease that is curable, it is essential that clinical tests apply the first test since it will accurately identify a higher percentage of patients having the disease and hence facilitate mitigation of the disease. Prompt and accurate identification of individuals suffering from the disease will enable early detection and issuance of medical treatment. The screening process should hence apply test one. Lovallo, C., Rolandi, S., Rossetti, A., & Lusignani, M. (2010). Accidental falls in hospital inpatients: evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of two risk assessment tools. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 66(3), 690-696.